Unit 2 巨乳痴女Culture and Communication
Some Ideas Related to Culture and Communication
1. Various Definitions of Culture
The word culture研究生报名条件 has numerous meanings. It is said that there are more than 150 definitions about culture. Culture was treated earlier as a complex whole of our social traditions and as a prerequisite for us to be a member of the society. Culture can be a t of fundamental ideas, practices, and experiences of a group of people that are symbolically transmitted generation to generation through a learning process. Culture may as well refer to beliefs, norms, and attitudes that are ud to guide our behaviors and solve human problem.
2. Culture as a Way to Satisfy Human Needs
a) the physiological needs
b) the safety needs
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c) the belongingness needs
d) the esteem needs
e) the lf-actualization needs
— Abraham Maslow, a psychologist
3. Culture as an Iceberg
Culture is compared to an iceberg that one tenth of it is above the water and nine tenths is below the water. The part above water is the overt culture which can be en clearly, while the part below water is the deep culture which is out of our awareness. 美国原住民
4. Characteristics of Culture
a) Culture is holistic.
This characteristic underscores the complex nature of culture. As a holistic system, an e
ducation system, a religious system, an association system, a political system, and so on, the various aspects of culture are cloly interrelated. In other worlds, any change in a subsystem will affect the whole system. For example, the American Civil Rights Movement brought about changes in different facets of American culture and altered American attitude, values, and behaviors.中国最小背包客
what you areb) Culture is acquired.
We begin to consciously and unconsciously learn our culture in our early life through the process of socialization or enculturation. Interaction with family members and friends is the most common way for us to learn our culture. Other sources for learning our culture are schools, churches, media, folk tales, and art.
c) Culture is changing.
Cultures are constantly changing over time. Some cultures are more open and accepting of change, others tend to resist it. Cultures change in the process of transmissi
on from generation to generation, group to group, and place to place. The American Civil War and China’s Opium War brought great social and cultural changes to both societies.
d) Culture is pervasive.
Like the ubiquitous air we breathe, culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave. Culture combines visible and invisible things around us. Culture is the sum total of human society and its meanings.
自动翻译5. Some Components of Communication
The communication process involves the following interrelated elements: the context of the communication, the participants, the message being communicated, the channels through which the communication occurs, the prence or abnce of “noi”, and the verbal and nonverbal respons known as feedback.
Context； Source； Encoding； Message；
Channels； Noi； Feedback； Receiver；
Decoding； Receiver’s respon
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Reading I
What Is Culture
Comprehension questions
1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?
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Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall‘s definition of culture, becau it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.
2．What have you learned from tho definitions about culture?
Many things can be learned from tho definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.
3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs?
Even though this is generally the ca, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as professional是什么意思certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.
4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads?
For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.
