1. Simile: a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is explicit comparison recognized by the u of words like, as, em, as if, as though, such as.
e.g. Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit.
…and the fattest woman I have ever en in my life dozing in a straight-backed chair. It was as if a sack of grain was supported by a match box.
The pen to a writer is what a gun to a fighter.
We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.
Words and feather are tosd by the wind.
When he moves, his little agility suggested a tame panther without the claws.
2. Metaphor: a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phras
e ordinarily and primarily ud of one thing is applied to another.
london times e.g. The sunshine of happiness is made up of very little beams.
(compare: Happiness is like sunshine: it is made up of very little beams.)
Money is bottomless a, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drown in it.
Beware of little expens. A small leak will sink a great ship.
I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed.
His hostility melted.
By this time the volcanic fires of his nature had burnt down.
3. parallelism: comes from Greek, it means to be alongside one another. It put the words, phras, claus and ntences similar or clo in meaning, or structure alongside one another.
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e.g. with this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together…
It was not anger, nor surpri, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for.
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4. Antithesis: the rhetorical opposing or contrasting of ideas by means of grammatically paralleled arrangement of words, claus or ntences.
e.g. when poverty comes in at the door, love flies out at the window.
Men make hous, women make home.
We found ourlves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit.
As for me: give me liberty or give me death.
5. allusion(典故，隐喻，): usually an implicit reference, perhaps to another work of literature or art, to a person or an event.
e.g. Your want your pound of flesh?
I never believe until then that any meal could defeat me, but on that day I met my waterloo.
6. Anaphora: the rhetorical device of repeating a word or phra at the beginning of successive claus or ntences.
eg. Let us be dissatisfied until America…Let us dissatisfied until slums…Let us be dissatisfied until integration…
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7. Chiasmus(交错配列词): a reversal in the order of words in two otherwi parallel phras
eg. A well-educated man should know something of everything and everything of something.
An optimist es an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist es a calamity in every opportunity.
Love makes time pass, time makes love pass.
8. Paradox is a statement that appears to be logically contradictory and yet may be true, the purpo of which is to provoke fresh thought.
e.g. More haste, less speed.
The Child is father of the Man
9. Alliteration: 头韵occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of two or more words in succession
burnteg. A misty morning may have a fine day.
He remained loyal to me through thick and thin.
He is as proud as a peacock.
10. Transferred epithet : 修饰转换\移位修饰the transference of an adjective to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate
eg. There was a short, thoughtful silence.
This is the cheapest market in this country.
He clod his busy life at the age of sixty.
demanding11. Understatement: Understatement is ud when a speaker wants to a make a situation em less strong or important than it is. It is often, but not always, expresd by the negation of the opposite.
eg. London is not the cheapest place in the world. (London is expensive)
每日邮报He's a little on the old side. (Her new husband is old)
声称英文I wouldn't say it tasted great. (The food is terrible)
12. Hyperbole: deliberate and obvious exaggeration ud for effect.
eg. Her wrinkles weigh more than she does! (she is very old)
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My history teacher's so old, he lived through everything we've learned about ancient Greece
I think of you a million times a day.
13. Metonymy: (转喻)the kind of figure of speech in which the name of one thing is ud in place of that of another associated with or suggested by it.excite 翻译
e.g. He is too fond of the bottle.
The crown presided the new year party in the palace.
