Unit One
Text A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal
1.Perhaps the most enduring --- certainly the most quoted --- tradition in the history of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physician Hippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors. Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same - an oath to respect tho who have imparted their knowledge upon the science of medicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promi to treat them to the best of the physicians' ability.
disturb造句或许在医学史上最持久的耶鲁男,被引用最多次的誓言就是”失落的爱希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考即时通讯软件排行,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。
Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath?
2.For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known about Hippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socrates as well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famous physician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatis of medicine, called the Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, the treatis had conflicting contents and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and therefore could not all have been written by him.
作为被大家公认的”医学之父ason”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年英语工作总结,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者exercid.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.
3.The Oath was named after Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is still in question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, which mak
es it possible that Hippocrates had himlf written it. Anyway, regardless of whether or not Hippocrates himlf had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contents of the oath reflect his views on medical ethics.
这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。根据医学历史权威的看法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映了他在医学伦理上的看法。
From Medical Ideal to Standard Ethics Guidelines
4.The Hippocratic Oath was not very well received when it was first penned, being a reprentation of only a minor gment of Greek opinion at the time. However, by the end of ancient times, physicians began conforming to the conditions of the oath. It is possible that when scientific medicine suffered a gross decline after the fall of the Roman Empire, this oath, along with the dictates of Hippocratic medicine, was all but forgotten in the West. It was through the perverance of the spirit of inquiry in the East that the tenets of
Hippocratic medicine - and the Hippocratic Oath - survived this period of deterioration, notably through the writings of Arabian authorities in medicine. The knowledge of Greek medicine was later revived in the Christian West through the Latin translations of both the Arabic works and the original Greek texts.
作为代表当时希腊观点的唯一一小部分，希波克拉底誓言首次被写时并没有受到很好的欢迎。然而,在那远古时代结束时,医生们开始遵循誓言的条款。当科学医学在罗马帝国衰亡后遭受一显而易见的衰退时，这个誓言,连同希波克拉底医学的指示命令，在西方都几乎被遗忘是有可能的。正是通过东方坚持不懈的探索精神，使得希波克拉底医学信念和希波克拉底宣言得以在这一恶化的时期幸存下来，尤其是通过阿拉伯当局在医学上的著作。希腊医学知识而后在西方基督教复活是通过了阿拉伯文论著和原始希腊文的拉丁文翻译。
5.By the late 17th Century, standards of professional behaviour had been t in the Western World. The first code of medical ethics to be adopted by a professional organisation was written by English physician Thomas Percival (1740-1804) in 1794, which was adapted and adopted by the American Medical Association (AMA) in 1846. Thi
s code of ethics, which provided a gold standard for professional physicians, dictated the moral authority and independence of physicians in rvice to others and their responsibility towards the sick, as well as the physician's individual honour.
到17世纪后期，专业行为标准已经在西方世界建立。被专业组织通过的第一部医学伦理学的法典是由英国内科医生托马斯·珀西瓦尔(1740 - 1804)1794年编写的, 并在1846neversaygoodbye歌词年被改编和通过了美国医学协会(AMA)。Thomas Percival提出的道德规范为职业医师提供了金标准，主宰着医生们服务他人时的道德权威和独立性以及医生对病人的责任，还有医生的个人荣誉。
6.The eds had been sown by Hippocrates - or one of his ghost writers.
种子已经被希波克拉底或者他的代笔者们所播种。
directorate7.2012考研英语After World War II, 23 doctors from Nazi Germany concentration camps were found guilty of breaching the code of medical ethics by performing horrifying medical experiments on prisoners. This incident led to the composition of the Nuremberg Code (1
947), which reprented the starting point in discussions regarding ethical treatment of human subjects, and outlined the ethics of medical rearch with regard to the rights of the subjects. This in turn led to the adoption of the Declaration of Geneva oath by the World Medical Association in 1948.
