Robotics
The Robotics Application
Many of the robots in u tody do jobs that are especially difficult for human worker. The are the types of jobs that require great strength or po danger. For example, robots are particularly uful in the auto-manufacturing industry where parts of automobiles must be welded together. A welding tool ud by a human worker weighs about 100 pounds or more and is difficult to handle. As mechanical supermen, robots may be called upon to do anything from moving heay components between workstations on a factory floor to carrying bags of cement.yours
线上教育机构 Spray painting is another task suited to robots becau robots do not need to breathe. Unlike human painters, they are unaffected by the poisonous fumes. Robots are better at this task, not becau they are faster or cheaper than humans, but becau they work in a place where humans cannot.
Third in the list of uful jobs for robots is the asmbly of electronnic parts. Robots shine at installing chips in printed circuit boards becau of a capability that robots have that people don’t . A robot, one properly programmed, will not put a chip in the wrong place. This automatic accuracy is particularly valuable in this kind of industry becau locating and fixing mistakes is costly.
经典英文文章Robotics Revolution
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Earlier robots were usually blind and deaf, but newer types of robots are fitted with video cameras and other nsing devices that can detect heat, texture, size, and sound. The robots are ud in space projects, nuclear stations, and underwater exporation rearch.
Inther efforts to expand the range of robotic applications, reachers are looking beyon traditional designs to examine a variety of potential models from the biological world. The industrial arm is a classic example. Scientists have been able to model robots to imitate the vertebrate spine of a snake in order to paint the interior of automobiles. They have simulated the muscle structure and movement of an elephant’s trunk in an attempt to cre
ate a robotic arm capable of lifting heavy objects. Scientists also emulate the flexibility of an octopus where the tentacles can conform to the fragile objects of any shape and hold them with uniform, gentle pressure. A variation of this design can be ud to handle animals, turn hospital patients in their beds, or lift asmall child.
The challenge of equipping robots with the skills to operate independently, outside of a factory or laboratory, has taxed theingenuity and creativity of academic, military, and industral scientists for years. Simply put, robot hands-like robot legs, or eyes, orreasoning powers-have long way to go before they can approach what biological evlution has achieved over by the cour of hundreds of millions of years. Much more will have to happen in laboratories around the world before the robots can be compared to nature’s handiwork.
In the meantime, the robotics revolution is already beginning to change the kind of work that people do. The boring and dangerous jobs are now assumed by robots. By the turn of the century, more and more humans will be required for tasks that machine can not do.
treat her like a ladyThere are slso some industrialists who hope that by the year 2000 all their empoyee will be knowledge workers, no longer standing on asmbly lines but rather sitting at desks and computer terminals to deal with information. The changes are already under way, and their pace accelerates every year.
Intelligent Robots
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A new pha in robot applications has been opened with the development of “intelligent robots”. An intelligent robot is bascally one that must be capable of nsing its surrounding and posss intelligence enough to respond to a changing environment in much the same way as we do. Such ability requires the direct application of nsory perception and artificial intelligence. Much of reach in robotics has been and is still concerned with how to equip robots with visual nsors-eyes and tactile nsors-the”fingers”. Artificial intelligence will enable the robot to changes in its task and in its environment, and to reason and make decisions in reactiong to tho changes.
Visional Sensory
Much effort has been made to simulate similar human nsory abilities for inelligent robots. Among them ,vision is the most important n as it is estimated that up to 80% of nsory information is received by vision. Vision can be bestowed on robotic systems by using imaging nsors in various ways. For improving accuracy of performance, it can help precily adjust the robot hand by means of optical feedback control using visual nsors. Determining the location, orientation, and recognition of the parts to be picked up is another important application.
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airplaneAmong the vision system, one of the key components is imagery nsor. The imagery nsor of a robot system is defined as an electro-optical device that converts an optical image to a video signal. The image nsor is usually either a TV-camera or a solid state nsory device, for exanple, change-couple devices(CCD). The latter device offers greater nsitivity, long endurance and lightweight, and is thus welcome when compared with the TV-camera. The camera system contains not only the camera detector but also, and very importantly, alens system. The lens determines the field of view, the depth of focous, ans other optical factors that directly affect the quality of the image detected by th
e camera.
braintearpsychologicalEither TV-camera or CCDs produce an image by generating an analogue value on every pixel, proportional to its light intensity. To enable a digital computer to work with this signal, an analongue-to-digital(A/D) converter is needed to transfer analogue into digital data, then stored in random access menory(RAM), installed in computer. The computer analyzes the data and extracts such imagery information as edges, colors and textures of the objects in the image. Finally, the computer interprets or understands what the image reprents in terms of knowledge about the scene and gives the robot a symbolic description of its environment.
