2、弊端:⑴谈判艰难;⑵生效较难;⑶缔约国数量有限;⑷修改困难。
(二)国际商事惯例(International trade customs )
International trade customs and usages mean the general rules and practices in International trade activities that have become generally adopted through unvarying habit and common u.
1、特点:(1)长期、反复使用;(2)被较普遍遵守;(3)不具有法律的强制性,由当事人选择使用。
2、优点:(1)内容能反映和满足现实国际商业实践的需要,具备公平合理性和明确性。
米勒鲁豫有约(2)由当事人接受而产生约束力,不需要繁杂的批准和生效过程。
(3)可通过各国当事人的认同和接受,获得普遍性。
(4)可随国际商业的变化由国际商事立法机构定期修改,从而维持其先进性。
(三)国内立法(National Law)
National law is usually the most extensive of law-making,and one of the most important sources of intermational business law.It refers to all rules and norms made by a state.National law in China includes The Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China.The Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China.Arbitration Rules of China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission,ect.
法系的概念:法系(genealogy of law)是根据法的历史传统及特点对各国法律所进行的分类,凡属同一历史传统具有相同特点的法律即构成一个法系。
英美法系中普通法与衡平法的区别
⑴救济方法不同。普通法:金钱赔偿(damages)、返还财产(restitution),且以金钱赔偿作为主要救济方法;衡平法:实际履行(specific perfor-mance)、发出禁令(jnjunction)。
⑵诉讼程序不同;
⑶法院组织系统不同;
⑷法律术语不同。
特朗普取消访问丹麦大陆法系与英美法系的区别
(一)法律的主要渊源不同:大陆法系以成文法作为法律的主要渊源,英美法系以判例法作为法律的主要渊源。
(二)司法机关的作用不同:大陆法系国家的立法机关具有优越地位,司法机关处于从属地位;英美法系国家则是司法机关处于优越地位,立法机关制定的成文法须经高等法院的肯定后才能起作用。
(三)法律推理方式不同。
(四)法律结构不同:大陆法系国家把法律分为公法和私法;英美法系国家别把法律分为普通法和衡平法。
(五)法律的诉讼程序不同:大陆法系的诉讼程序实行纠问制与合议制;英美法系的诉讼程序实行对抗制与陪审团制度。
(六)法律分类不同。
第二章 合同法
合同的概念:Article 2 A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations.
我国《合同法》第2条规定:本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。
合同的生效要件
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(1)当事人意思表示一致; (2)合同必须有对价;
透明硬纱(3)当事人具有签订合同的能力; (4)合同的内容必须合法。 freelance
国际商事合同的概念:International commercial contract:is refers to between two and more than two commercial subject establishing, modifying and terminating an agreement which is transnational factors of rights and obligations of the agreement .
国际商事合同:是指两个及两个以上商事主体之间依法设立、变更、终止具有跨国因素的权利义务关系的协议或合意。
国际商事合同法的基本原则
(1)当事人意思自治原则(the principle of party autonomy)
(2)诚信和公平原则(The principle of fairness and good faith)
(3)合同具有法律约束力原则(A contract is legally binding principles)
(4)合同必须遵守强制法原则(The contract must comply with the mandatory law principles)
要约的概念:An offer is a party's manifestation of intention to enter into a contract with the other party.
要约是指合同成立前一方当事人希望与他人订立合同的一种建议或意思表示。提出要约的一方称为要约人,其相对方称为受要约人。
要约的成立要件
(1)要约是特定人的意思表示;(2)要约的相对人一般为特定的人;
广州学校(3)要约必须以缔结合同为目的;(4)要约的内容必须具体明确。
要约邀请的概念:Invitation to Offer :An invitation to offer is a party's manifestation of intention to invite the other party to make an offer thereto. A delivered price list, announcement of auction, call for tender, prospectus, or commercial advertiment, etc. is an invitation to offer.
certain要约邀请:是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。寄送的价目表、拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、商业广告等为要约邀请。
承诺的概念:An acceptance is the offerees manifestation of intention to asnt to an offer.
承诺是指受要约人以成立合同为目的,对要约人提出的要约表示同意的意思表示。
实质变更的概念:受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的,为新要约。有关合同标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方法等的变更,是对要约内容的实质性变更。
事实合同的概念:是指不完全具备合同成立的条件,但法律规定视为已成立的合同。
事实合同的种类
Effect of Failure to Conclude Contract in Writing:Where a contract is to be concluded by a writing as required by the relevant law or administrative regulation or as agreed by the
parties, if the parties failed to conclude the contract in writing but one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed.