Translation ( Translate each of the following passage into Chine )
翻译 （将下列每段英文翻译成中文）
Chapter 1 Summary 蔡信杰 03391004 陈 彬 03391005
1，Public finance ,also known as public ctor economics or public economics, focus on the taxing and spending activities of government and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution of income.
underscore财政学，即公共经济学，焦点是税收和政府支出以及它们在分配资源和分配收入上的影响。
2，Public finance economists analyze both actual policies and develop guidelines for government activities . In the latter role, economists are influenced by their attitudes toward the role of government in society.
财政学同时为政府行为分析现有方针和发展知道思路。在未来作用中，经济受到在社会中有利于政府的关注者的影响。
3，In all organic view of society , individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realization of social goals. The goals are determined by the government.ethical
教师发言稿
在一种有机的社会观中，个别价值只是由它们对实现政府目标所做出贡献来评价的。而这些目标是由政府来决定的。
4，In a mechanistic view of society ,government is a contrivance erected to further individual goals.If is not clear how the government can reconcile sometimes conflicting individual goals.
在一种机械的社会观中，政府是一个为个别长远目标而树立的设备。而政府是如何调节有时可能有矛盾的个别目标尚不明确。
5，Individual decision making is the focus of much economics and is consistent with the mechanistic view of society adopted in this book .This does not eliminate much controversy over the appropriate role of the government in our economic.
独立地作决定是很多经济学方面的重点，也是和本书中所采用的机械的社会观相一致的，
这不会除去很多关于政府应在经济学中适合扮演的角色的争论。
6，The Constitution embodies constraints on federal and state government economic activity.
宪法体现了联盟政府和国家在经济活动中的强制性。
7，The federal government may effectively undertake any expenditures it whishes and may u debt and taxes to finance them .The federal government may not discriminate among states when choosing tax rates and may not place a levy on state exports .The 16th Amendment empowers the federal government to tax personal incomes.
influenced
中国新年 bbc 联盟政府可以有效地担任所有它希望的和可以用债和税来扣供的费用。联盟政府在当选择税率时不会对州之间产生歧视，而且不会对州征收出口税。第16次修正法案授权联盟政府对个人收入征税。
8，State government are forbidden to levy tariffs on imports ,discriminate against
outsides residents, or tax other states’ products. Most states have balanced budget requirement.
华师二附中
国家是被禁止对进口征收关税，禁止歧视外国居民且禁止对他国产品征税。很多州已经平衡了预算需求。
9，All common measures of the size of government-employees, expenditures, revenues, etc.-involve some deficiency. In particular, the items miss the impact of regulatory costs. Nonetheless , there is strong evidence that the impact of the government on the allocation of national resources has incread over time.
所有对政府尺寸的普通测量方式――雇员、费用、财源――总包括了一些不足之处。在特定的情况下，这些项目忽视了规章费用所带来的影响。虽然如此，仍有很强的证据证明政府在国家策略上的布置的影响已经增长超过时限。
10，The level of government expenditures has incread in both nominal and real absolute terms, in per capita terms, and as a percentage of gross domestic product.
政府开支的水平已经在各政府预算时期，名义上和绝对数上都有了增长，如同国内产成品总体的百分比一样。
11，The share of defen spending in federal expenditure has fallen over time ,while Social Security ,public welfare, and payment on outstanding debt have incread in importance . The combination of entitlement programs and interest payments reduces yearly control over the level of expenditures.
cowboy随着社会保障公共福利和巨大的债务偿还的比重的增加，国防支出占联邦总支出的比重在减少，政府津贴计划和利息偿还总和逐年减少，使得总支出水平下降。hello ghost
12，Personal income and Social Security payroll taxes are currently the largest sources of government revenue. 个人收入和社会安全工资税通常是政府最大的财税来源。
CHAPTER 2 Summary: 陈瑜星 03391009 郭思 03391017
1, Becau economists generally cannot perform controlled experiments with the e
bepopularwithconomy, the effects of economic policy are difficult to determine.
由于经济学家一般不能对经济进行可控实验，因而经济政策的影响难于确定。
2读者文摘下载，Economic theory helps specify the factors that might affect a given kind of behavior. However, theory alone cannot say how important any particular factor is.
经济理论有助于确定哪些因素可能影响某种行为，不过单凭理论不能说明任何具体因素的重要性。
3，Empirical rearch attempts to measure both the directions and size of the effect of government policy changes on behavior. Common types of empirical studies are interview studies, social and laboratory experiments , and econometric analysis.
经济研究试图测定政府政策变化对行为影响的方向和大小。经验研究一般类型有面谈，社会实验，实验室实验和经济计量研究。
4，Interviews studies consist of directly asking people how various policies affect their behavior. However, people may not actually react to policies in the way they say they do.
面谈研究是直接询问人们，各种政策如何影响他们的行为。然而，人们实际上可能不按其嘴上所说的方式对政策作出反应。
5，Social experiments subject one group of people to some policy and compare their behavior with that of a control group. Problems can ari becau: the experiment itlf may affect people’s behavior; it’s difficult to obtain a random sample ; and social experiments are quite costly.
