Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰） 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）
The River Thames (cond longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea.
Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England.
Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the
Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles.
Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛
Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定
London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral （圣保
（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）
The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人
English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。英语从西日耳曼语中发展。西日耳曼语。英语从西日耳曼语中发展。
1、Old English : was influenced by Old Nor spoken by the Vikings and was related to the German German and and and Dutch Dutch Dutch languages.languages.受古代维京人所说的古斯坎德纳威亚语影像并和德语法语
密切相关.was .was ended
ended ended with with with the the the Norman Norman Norman Conquest, Conquest, Conquest, when when when the the the language language language was was was influence influence influence by by by the the French-speaking Normans.古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服
古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服 2、Middle English : : William William William the the the Conqueror invaded Conqueror invaded and and conquered and conquered and the the Anglo-Saxons Anglo-Saxons (Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary)征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格鲁-撒克逊人（大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇）撒克逊人（大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇）
3、Modern English (15 (15 century): century): century): William William William Caxton Caxton Caxton brought brought brought standardization standardization standardization to to to English, English, English, and and
spelling and grammar became fixed. The first dictionary published in 1604. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language was influential in a standard form of spelling.卡克斯顿威廉带来了标准化的英语，并成为固定的拼写和语法。第一本字典发表于1604。约翰逊塞缪尔：一本英文字典是有影响的一种标准形式的拼写。塞缪尔：一本英文字典是有影响的一种标准形式的拼写。
Standard English
is bad on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is also called “the Queen ’s English ” or “BBC English ”. A third of world ’s population u English.标准英语是基于英国东南部的讲话的。它也被称为“女王的英语”或“英国广播公司英语”。三分之一的世界人口使用英语。三分之一的世界人口使用英语。
Chapter 2 有记录的历史起始于55BC,Julius Caesar （凯撒大帝）and his Roman troops invaded the island. 410年, Germanic （日耳曼人）进攻罗马，结束了罗马的统治（日耳曼人）进攻罗马，结束了罗马的统治
1. Celtic→Spain and France 凯尔特人→西班牙和法国凯尔特人→西班牙和法国Anglo-Saxon →Germanic Tribes 盎格鲁盎格鲁--撒克
逊→日耳曼部落
3. Norman Conquest （诺曼征服） of England marked the establishment of feudalism （封建制度）
4. 4. Henry Henry Henry II II 建立建立 rule rule of of of the the the Hou Hou Hou of
of of Anjou(Anjou(安茹王朝) ) in in in England, England, 亦称为the the Hou Hou Hou of of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝). ). He He He improved improved improved the the the courts courts courts of of of justice, justice, justice, introduce introduce introduce the the the jury jury jury system system system and and institutionalized common law.他改进了法院的公正，介绍了陪审制度和制度化的普通法。
5. The Magna Ca (大宪章）：英国宪政的基础 the foundation of the British constitutionalism
6. Henry III wages wars. The outraged nobles, led by Simon de Montfort, drafted the Provision of Oxford(牛津条约) ) to to to limit limit limit the the the King King King’’s s power power power by by by calling calling calling regular regular regular meetings meetings meetings of of of 15-member 15-member 15-member Privy Privy Council(枢密院).由Simon de Montfort 率领的贵族率领的贵族，起草提供牛津（牛津条约）通过调用15名枢密
院会议限制国王的权力（枢密院） Simon de Montfort facilitated the modern idea of a reprentative parliament.西蒙·德·蒙特福特促进了现代有代表性的议会。
7.The 7.The Wars Wars Wars of of of the the the Ros: Ros: Ros: the the the Hou Hou Hou of of of Y Y ork( white white ro) ro) ro) and and and the the the Hou
Hou Hou of of of Lancaster( Lancaster( Lancaster( red red ro)→winner. Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of
周一到周日的英文 and started the rule of the Hou of Tudor.约克（白玫瑰）和兰开斯特家族（红玫瑰）→赢家。亨利都铎国王亨利七世，开始了都铎王朝的统治
8. 8. In In In 1584, 1584, 1584, King King King Henry Henry Henry VIII VIII VIII issued issued the the Act Act Act of of of Supremacy Supremacy 《至尊法案》. . In In In 1651, 1651, 1651, Cromwell Cromwell
destroyed Charles II ’s army, which marked the end of the Civil Wars. In 1660 Parliament decided
to restore Charles II to the throne which put an end to the Commonwealth.
15841584，国王亨利八世颁布，国王亨利八世颁布《至尊法案》至上的行为。在16511651，克伦威尔摧毁了查尔斯二世的军队，这标志着内战结束。在，克伦威尔摧毁了查尔斯二世的军队，这标志着内战结束。在1660届
议会决定恢复查尔斯二世的王位，这将结束了英联邦。
中学生一对一
9. 在16881688，光荣革命（，光荣革命（Glorious Revolution
）发生。在1689年，议会通过了人权法案（ the Bill of Rights ）。 10.19世纪中期，工业革命完成。
atc中文网
11. The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. By the end of 19th
century, the British Empire included about 1/4 of the global population and the world ’s landmass.
大英帝国开始与纽芬兰殖民15831583。在第十九世纪末，英帝国包括了。在第十九世纪末，英帝国包括了1 / 4的世界人口和世界的陆地。
巨人杀手杰克
12. South South African African African is is is the the the fourth fourth fourth lf-government lf-government lf-government dominion dominion dominion of of of the the the British British British Empire Empire Empire after after after Canada, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.南非是继加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰之后的第四个自治领。
Chapter 3 B ritain is a parliamentary democracy Britain is a parliamentary democracy 议会制民
主with a constitutional monarchy 君
主立宪制.The British Constitution is made up of
① Statutory law 成文法成文法，制定法（the most important
）→ pasd by parliament ②Common law 判例法，普通法→ customs or legal precedents ③Conventions 习惯法，衡平法习惯法，衡平法 →not legally exist, but still vital
3.The Hou of commons （下议院） 三大职能①The most important is drafting new laws. 立法
②to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government 约束政府③to influence the future government policy 影像未来政策影像未来政策 6. The parliament: a two-party system 两党制两党制
7. 7. Three Three Three main main main parties: parties: parties: The The The Conrvative Conrvative Conrvative Party Party 保守党, , The The The Labor Labor Labor Party Party 工党, , The The The Liberal Liberal Democrats 自由民主党. 获得下议院半数以上投票的党派成为执政党获得下议院半数以上投票的党派成为执政党
8. The Queen of Britain is considered the head of the Commonwealth. The headquarters are all located in London.英国女王被认为是英联邦的元首（然并卵，只是个代言人而已）。总部都设在伦敦。
Chapter 4 1By By the the the 1919th century, the the British British British economy economy economy had had had produced produced produced 1/3 1/3 1/3 of of of the the the world world world’’s manufactured goods.十九世纪，英国独揽世界三分之一成品十九世纪，英国独揽世界三分之一成品
十九世纪，英国独揽世界三分之一成品 1. In In order order order to to parate politics politics and and and economic economic economic policy, policy, policy, Tony Tony Tony Blair Blair Blair made made made the the the Bank Bank Bank of of of England England
independent. His government was successful in limiting government spending, keeping inflation
under control and reducing unemployment.为了独立的政治和经济政策，布莱尔让英国央行独立。他的政府是成功的限制政府开支，控制通货膨胀，减少失业率。
2. Important Important crops crops crops are are are wheat, wheat, wheat, barley, barley, barley, sugar sugar sugar beet beet beet and and and potatoes. potatoes. potatoes. The The The major major major fishing fishing fishing areas areas areas are are are the the North Sea, the English Channel, the waters off the Irish coast and the a area between Britain and Iceland.重要的农作物有小麦、大麦、甜菜和土豆。主要的捕鱼区是北海，英吉利海峡，爱尔兰海岸和英国和冰岛之间的海域。
3. Major source of energy: coal mining, oil industry (relatively new), nuclear power 能源的主要来源：煤炭开采，石油工业（相对较新），核电
4. Three principal financial centers 三大金融中心三大金融中心: London, Tokyo, New York
5. Tourism: Stonehenge, Stonehenge, Windsor Windsor Castle. Castle. Britain Britain is is one one one of of of the the the world world world’’s s largest largest centers centers for for international conference.最大国际会议中心最大国际会议中心
最大国际会议中心 6. Export 出口出口 partners: Germany, the United Stated, the Netherland,
France Import 进口进口 partner: Germany, the United Stated, the Netherland,
China Chapter 5 1Before 1870, education was voluntary and schools were t by the church. 1870年之前教育是自愿的，教堂开设学校0th century later on, government take responsibility for for education education 二十世纪以后，政府承担教育Four stages : ①primary 初中: : 5---115---11②condary
高中: : 11---16
11---16③further further education education 两年以上高中---16 ---16 two two two more more more years years years in in in preparation preparation preparation for for for higher higher education ④higher education 高等教育---18
3. Two parallel school system
v State system 国家制度国家制度 93% → free to all children between 5---16 years old
v Independent system 独立制度→独立制度→ 7% independent tuition fees and curriculum
4. Further Further Education Education ①At At 16: 16: 16: National National National examination examination 国考国考 →GCSE (Certificate (Certificate of
of of Secondary Secondary Education) 中等教育证书to to leave leave leave or or or continue continue ②Sixth Sixth form form form (2 (2 (2 years): years): years): 3 3 3 or or or 4 4 4 subjects subjects ③A-level( General Certificate of Education---Advanced)→for universities admittances(academic )普通教育高级证书④GNVQ( General National V ocational Qualification)→for vocational training 全国通用职业资格证书全国通用职业资格证书
5. Recruitment bad on: Grades of A-levels, school refences, interview 招聘基于：普通教育高级证书，学校推荐和面试证书，学校推荐和面试英途
8. The Obrver → the the world world world’’s s oldest oldest oldest Sunday Sunday Sunday newspaper newspaper 最老最老 周日报The Times → one one of of Britain Britain’’s s oldest oldest oldest and and and influential influential influential newspaper newspaper 英国最老最有影响力的报纸THREE BIG : : The The Times, The guardian, The Daily Telegraph 三巨头：时代，卫报，每日电讯报
9.BBC: 9.BBC: The The The British British British Broadcasting Broadcasting Broadcasting Corporation, Corporation, Corporation, excel excel excel in in in documentaries documentaries 英国广播公司英国广播公司 BSkyB: Britain Britain’’s top pay-television provider 英国天空广播公司，顶级付费英国天空广播公司，顶级付费
10. Three Christmas traditions: ①Christmas pantomime ②Queen Queen’’s Christmas message ③Boxing Day (falls on the day after Christmas) 圣诞三传统：①圣诞哑剧②女王的圣诞致辞③节礼日（落在圣诞节后一天）
2013山东高考语文11. Trooping the Color (in June), known as the Queen ’s Birthday Parade 女王生日游行、女王生日游行、
日的英文
女王生日游行、 Chapter 6 1The old English: the epic Beowulf : folk legend of Anglo-Saxons : folk legend of Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁盎格鲁--撒
克逊人的民间传说Middle English: Geoffrey Chaucer, the first court poet
The Canterbury Tales 杰弗里乔叟，第一个宫廷诗人坎特伯雷故事集
2.Renaissance 文艺复兴。莎士比亚代表作：Romeo and Juliet （罗密欧和朱丽叶）Hamlet （哈姆雷特）Othello （奥赛罗）King Lear （李尔王）（李尔王）Macbeth （麦克白）Alexander Pope
：An Essay
sddon Criticism （批评论）, the greatest English poet of the classical school
3. JonathanSwift →Gulliver ’s Travel 格列佛游记Daniel Defoe →RobinsonCrusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记
4. William Wordsworth, passive Romanticism → Lake poets ；Second generation of Romanticism → George Gordon Byron
5. It was in the Victorian Era that the novel became the leading form of literature
爱尔兰共和国爱尔兰共和国
地理与历史地理与历史 Geography and History
爱尔兰共和国的面积为70，282平方公里。与北爱尔兰接壤的边界为434公里。
The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. 首都是都柏林，The capital is Dublin.爱尔兰一直被比作盆地，内有海滨高地围起的石灰岩高原。海洋
性气候影响全国。Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by
工程造价培训
coastal highlands. Maritime influences penetrate the land. 多样化是低地的主要特征。中部低地是爱尔兰的心脏。V ariety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of of Ireland. Ireland. 沼泽仍是爱尔兰最重要的地形特征。Bogs Bogs remain remain remain the the the most most most significant significant significant feature feature feature of of Irish landscape.
l.气候气候 Climate Climate and
犬养毅
and and Weather Weather 爱尔兰的气候被描绘成"温和、温润和多变",The ",The weather weather weather of of Ireland is described as "mild, moist and changeable." 爱尔兰雨量过多。中部低地，是爱尔兰雨量最少的地区Ireland has excessive rainfall. The Central Lowland is the area of the lightest rainfall in Ireland,
Ⅲ.人口与宗教人口与宗教 Population Population and
and and Religion Religion 爱尔兰的基本民族是凯尔特人，同时还混合有挪威人、法国人、诺曼人和英国人。In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic, with an an admixture admixture of Nor, French, French, Norman Norman and English.爱尔兰自由邦建立
后 (1921年)，移民锐减。After After the
the the establishment establishment establishment of of of the the the Irish Irish Irish Free Free Free State State (1921), (1921), emigration emigration showed a sharp decline. 爱尔兰有两种官方语言：爱尔兰语(凯尔特语)和英语。There are two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish (or Gaelic) and English，爱尔兰是欧洲最为信奉
天主教的国家。美国约有一半的天主教主教是爱尔兰裔。Ireland Ireland is
is is one one one of of of the the most Catholic countries of Europe. About half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin.
Ⅳ.历史背景历史背景 Historical Historical Background
Background 在史前时代，爱尔兰遭受许多凯尔特部落的入侵，最重要的是盖尔人。约公元前4世纪他们抵达此岛，征服了北方的皮克特人和南方的爱兰人部落(这是爱尔兰名称的来源)，后来他们定居下来建立了繁荣的盖尔文明。爱尔兰历史上最重要的事件或许是公元432年圣帕特里克来到爱尔兰岛，并把此岛变成学问中心和基督教文化中心。心。 国人和爱尔兰人之间的冲突持续了近800年。亨利八世是使爱尔兰置于英国的完全统治下的首位国王。1610年苏格兰定居者在乌尔斯特建立殖民地。1948年，爱尔兰投票使自己脱离英联邦，1949年4月18日宣布为共和国。日宣布为共和国。
Ⅴ.外交政策 Foreign Policy 独立以来，爱尔兰一直奉行中立与不结政盟政策策。Since independence Ireland has adhered to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment,1979年6月22日，
爱尔兰与中国建立外交关系。目前爱尔兰与46个国家保持外交关系。Ireland Ireland established
established diplomatic relations with China on June 22, 1979. Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries.
Ⅰ.政治体制政治体制 Political Structure 根据1937年的宪法，
爱尔兰是议会制共和国和中央集权国家。北爱尔兰公民也被视为共和国公民，能够竞选南方的职位。爱尔兰共和国由爱尔兰32个郡
中的26个郡组成。Ireland Ireland is
is is a a a parliamentary parliamentary parliamentary republic republic republic and and and a a a unitary unitary unitary state state state under under under the the the 1937 1937 Constitution. Citizens of Northern Ireland are also considered citizens and cart run for office in the
South. The Republic of Ireland consists of 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland.
1.行政权Executive Executive power power 国家元首是总统，直接投票选举产生，任期七年。他召集或解散议会；签署和颁布法律；任命法官、首相和其他内阁成员；统率武装部队。议会；签署和颁布法律；任命法官、首相和其他内阁成员；统率武装部队。 总统应在众议院提名下任命首相；在众议院事先批准而首相提名下任命其他政府成员。政府向众议院所负的责任是集体的，它被要求作为一集体权力部门聚会和行动。集体负责制要求政府对公众和众议院以统一战线的面目出现。众议院以统一战线的面目出现。作为政府首脑，作为政府首脑，首相只对众议院负责。他仅被要求让总统对"国内和国际事务的方针有总体了解"。
2.立法权立法权 Legislative power
所有立法权都赋予了国家议会。国家议会分为两院：众议院和参议院。参议院。 The The national
national national parliament parliament (Oireachtas) has has two two two Hous. Hous. Hous. They They They are are are the the the Hou Hou Hou of of Reprentatives and the Senate 宪法所规定的参议院的权力通常比众议院的权力要少。宪法所规定的参议院的权力通常比众议院的权力要少。3.爱尔
兰法律和法院 3. 3. Irish
Irish Irish laws laws laws and and and courts courts 爱尔兰法律以英国的普通法为基础，随后的立法和1937年的宪法对之加以修改。Irish Irish law law law is is is bad bad bad on on on English English English common common common law law law as as as modified modified modified by by subquent legislation and the 1937 Constitution.只有议会决议能对法官免职。高级法院裁决宪
法条款范畴内的任何法律的合法性。
judges can be removed from office only by resolution of the Oireaehtas. The high court also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.最高法院可以宣布现有立法违宪。The Supreme Court Court may may may declare declare declare existing existing legislation to be unconstitutional.
Ⅱ.政党政党 11. Political Parties 爱尔兰是两极政党制，主要的两大党为共和党和统一党。两党爱尔兰是两极政党制，主要的两大党为共和党和统一党。两党都由新芬党发展而来。Ireland has a bipolar political party system with two major parties, Fianna Fail and Fine Gael. They are both descended from Sinn Fein (We Ourlves).后来的统一党，接受英爱条约和在英联邦内的自治领地位，而少数派共和党，则由埃蒙·德·凡勒拉领导，拒绝
接受条约并继续斗争。Cumann Cumann na
na na Gael, Gael, Gael, later later later Fine Fine Fine Gad, Gad, Gad, accepted accepted accepted the the the treaty treaty treaty and and and dominion dominion status within the British Commonwealth Commonwealth while while while the the the minority, minority, Fianna Fianna Fail, Fail, Fail, led led led by by Eamort De alera, V alera, refud refud it and and continued continued continued the the the struggle. struggle. Ⅲ经济III. III. The The The Economy Economy 爱尔兰是私有经济占主导地位的自由市场经济。它是欧共体中最不发达国家之一。Ireland is
a free-market economy with a dominant private ctor. It is one of the least developed countries in the the EC.EC.总体上说，爱尔兰农业是混合经济。但农民的一大部分收入来自家畜。As As a a a whole, whole, Irish Irish farming farming farming is is is a a a mixed mixed mixed economy. economy. economy. But But But the the the farmer farmer farmer derives derives derives a a a sizable sizable sizable part part part of of of his his his income income income from from livestock. 爱尔兰农业中最重要的近期发展是其成为欧共体成员。欧共体成员身份使爱尔兰农民能参加共同体的公共农业政策并把他们的产品出口到更广范围的市场。2.制造业 2. Manufacturing 自从20世纪60年代以来，制造业一直是爱尔兰经济的支柱。Since the 1960s,
manufacturing has become the mainstay of the Irish economy.现在爱尔兰是欧洲最大的铅和锌生产国Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.失业是爱尔兰
的一个长期问题。政府和工会都把失业视为国家最严重的经济问题。Unemployment Unemployment is
is is a a chronic problem in Ireland. It is en by both the government and the trade unions as the country's most rious economic problem.
Ⅳ.教育IV . Education. Education. 6
6岁到15岁之间的教育是义务的，主要的教学语言是英语。Schooling is compulsory between ages 6 and 15. The chief language of instruction is English 中学大体上是私立和宗教学校。爱尔兰最古老的大学是都柏林大学，中学大体上是私立和宗教学校。爱尔兰最古老的大学是都柏林大学，Secondary Secondary schools schools schools are are are by by by and and and large large large private private private and and and denominational. denominational. denominational. Ireland's Ireland's Ireland's oldest oldest oldest university university university is is the University of Dublin,
Ⅴ.传媒和文化V . Media and Culture
第一份报纸在1659年2月发行。今天《爱尔兰泰晤士报》是全国最有影响的日报。它的读者通常是职业人士和高级管理人员。《爱尔兰独立报》是最畅销的日报，发行量最大。它倾
