Designation:D 642–00
Standard Test Method for
Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers,Components,and Unit Loads 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 642;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the ca of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenthes indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e )indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for u by agencies of the Department of Defen.
1.Scope
1.1This test method covers compression tests on shipping containers (for example,boxes and drums)o
r components,or both.Shipping containers may be tested with or without contents.The procedure may be ud for measuring the ability of the container to resist external compressive loads applied to its faces,to diagonally opposite edges,or to corners (Fig.1and Fig.2).This test method covers testing of multiple containers or unit loads,in addition to individual shipping containers,components,materials,or combination thereof.
1.2The test method of applying load may be ud to compare the characteristics of a given design of container with a standard,or to compare the characteristics of containers differing in construction.
1.3This test method is related to TAPPI T804,which is similar for fixed platen machines but does not recognize swivel platen machines.This test method fulfills the requirements of International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Test Method 12048.The ISO standards may not meet the require-ments for this test method.
1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its u.It is the responsibility of the ur of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u.
2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:
D 644Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and Paperboard by Oven Drying 2
D 996Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-ments 2
bowlsD 2016Test Method for the Moisture Content of Wood 3D 4169Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and Systems 2
D 4332Practice for Conditioning Containers,Packages or Packaging Components for Testing 2
D 4577Test Method for Compression Resistance of a Container Under Constant Load 2
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10on Packaging,and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22on Handling and Transportation.
Current edition approved Oct.10,2000.Published November 2000.Originally published as D 642–41T.Last previous edition D 642–94.2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 15.09.3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol
04.10.
FIG.1Compression Applied Diagonally Opposite Edges
1
Copyright ©ASTM,100Barr Harbor Drive,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.
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E 4Practice for Load Verification of Testing Machines 4E 122Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a Measure of Average Quality for a Lot or Process 52.2TAPPI Standard:
T 804Compression testing of fiberboard shipping contain-ers 6
2.3ISO Standard:
ISO 12048Packaging—Complete,filled transport packages—Compression and stacking test using compres-sion tester 73.Terminology
3.1Definitions —General terms for Packaging and Distribu-tion Environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1fixed platen testing machine —a testing machine equipped with two platens which are both restrained from tilting.
3.2.2swiveled platen testing machine —a testing machine equipped with two platens,one rigidly restrained from tilting while the other platen is universally mounted and allowed to tilt freely.
4.Significance and U
教师座谈会发言稿4.1Compressive resistance is one of the properties ud to evaluate the ability of shipping containers,components,and unit loads to successfully survive the compressive forces they are subjected to during storage and distribution (e Note 1).
N OTE 1—For constant load test refer to Test Method D 4577.
4.2Compressive resistance may be determined with either fixed-or swiveled-platen-type testing machines.However,a fixed-head compression machine is required to perform edge-to-edge and corner-to-corner orientations on test specimens (e Note 2).Also,unit loads are generally tested only in the top-to-bottom orientation.
N OTE 2—Fixed-platen machines generally cau specimens to fail at their strongest point,while swi
vel-platen machines cau specimens to fail at their weakest point.8The swiveled platen is allowed to move to the weakest point of the container.
5.Apparatus
5.1Compression Testing Machines :
5.1.1Fixed-Platen Testing Machine —Two platens,flat to within 0.01in.(0.25mm)for each 12in.(304.8mm)in length,and one of which is movable in the vertical direction so as to compress the container between the platens.One is the load measuring platen,and both should be of sufficient size so that the test container does not extend beyond the edges of the platens.Both platens are fixed in the horizontal directions so as to have no lateral movement greater than0.05in.(1.3mm),and are held parallel throughout the test to within 0.04in.(1mm)for each 12in.(304.8mm)in the length and width dimensions.5.1.2Swivel-Platen Testing Machine —Two platens,flat to within 0.01in.(0.25mm)for each 12in.(304.8mm)in length,and one which is movable in the vertical direction so as to compress the container between the platens.One is the load-measuring platen,and both should be of sufficient size so that the test container does not extend beyond the edges of the platens.One platen is fixed in the horizontal direction so as to have no lateral movement greater than 0.05in.(1.3mm).The cond platall your life
en is attached to the machine by a swivel or universal joint to a point directly centered on the platen,allowing the platen to tilt freely.
5.2Suitable Closure Apparatus —See Appendix X1.
5.3Conditioning Apparatus —Provide adequate facilities for conditioning test containers at proper relative humidity and temperature prior to test in accordance with the requirements of the specifications covering the containers to be tested.It is recommended that the atmospheres for conditioning be -lected from tho shown in Practice D 4332.Unless otherwi specified,fiberboard and other paperboard containers shall be preconditioned and conditioned in accordance with the stan-dard atmosphere specified in Practice D 4332.
6.Sampling,Test Specimens,and Test Units
6.1Choo test specimens and sample quantities to provide an adequate determination of reprentative performance.For large production runs,lot sampling is advid.Application of Practice E 122is suggested.
6.2Whenever sufficient containers and contents are avail-able,it is recommended that five or more replicate tests be conducted to improve the statistical reliability of the data obtained.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 03.01.5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 14.02.6
Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,Technology Park,P.O.Box 105113,Atlanta,GA 30348.7
Available from American National Standards Institute,11W.42nd St.,13th Floor,New York,NY 10036.
8
Singh,S.P.,Burgess,G.,Langlois,M.,“Compression of Single-Wall Corru-gated Shipping Containers Using Fixed and Floating Test Platens,”ASTM JOTE ,July
sober什么意思1992.
FIG.2Compression Applied
zoo的复数Top-to-Bottom
6.3The specimens being tested shall be complete in all respects.Depending on the purpo of the test,interior components may or may not be included.Tests shall be made on specimens with or without contents as prescribed.
6.4The test specimen shall be clod and cured in the same manner as will be ud in preparing them for shipment unless otherwi specified.The method offlap curement for corrugated containers may affect test results(e Appendix X1).
7.Calibration and Standardization
7.1The accuracy of the test equipment must be verified to ensure reliable test data.
7.1.1The overall system accuracy of the recorded or indi-cated applied load(force)shall be verified in accordance with Practice E4.The verified loading range shall be specified,and errors within the loading range shall not exceed61.0%of reading(as calculated in Practice E4).If testing below the Practice E4verified loading range is desired,then the maxi-mum permissible error shall not exceed60.2%of the full range of the force nsor.Calculate as follows:
E5F S30.002(1) where:
E=maximum permissible error,lbf or N,and
F S=force nsor’s full range,lbf or N.
7.1.2The accuracy of the recorded or indicated platen displacement must be verified in accordance with the equip-ment manufacturer’s recommended procedures.The error, including the effects of any backlash in the loading system, shall not exceed60.1in.(62.5mm).
7.1.3The accuracy of the platen travel rate at0.5in./min (12.7mm/min)must be verified throughout each loading range in accordance with the equipment manufacturer’s recom-mended procedures.Th
e error,including any backlash in the loading system,shall not exceed60.10in./min(62.5mm/ min).
8.Conditioningvista
8.1Test specimens shall be conditioned prior to test or during test,or both,in accordance with the requirements of the applicable specification.When no conditioning requirements are given and container materials are moisture nsitive,a standard conditioning atmosphere is recommended in accor-dance with Practice D4332.
8.1.1Moisture content determination may be carried out for moisture-nsitive materials at the time of the test to confirm test effects of conditioning(e Appendix X2).
8.2For special applications,and depending on the purpo of the test,the test specimens may be conditioned prior to the compression test by water immersion,exposure to water spray, or other specific conditions.
9.Procedure
9.1Center the specimen on the lower platen of the testing machine in the desired orientation,so as not to incur eccentric loading.
9.1.1Significant errors may result during testing if the specimen is placed off-center on the platen.Also,extensive damage to equipment may occur if test specimens are placed off-center on the platen.
9.2Bring the platens into contact with the specimen apply-ing an initial pressure or pre-load.
9.2.1For single-wall corrugated containers,an initial force or pre-load of50lbf(222N)on the specimen is recommended. For double-wall and triple-wall boxes,pre-loads of100lbf (445N)and500lbf(2220N)respectively are recommended. For other types of test specimens a suitable pre-load may or may not be lected.
泄露的意思9.3Fixed platen machines must be ud for tests where the compressive loads are applied on test specimen edges,or on diagonal corners(Fig.1).Eitherfixed-platen or swivelplaten machines may be ud for face-to-face compressive tests(Fig.
2).
9.4If the testing machine is notfitted with a load-deformation recorder,record the test load for every0.1in.(2.5 mm)of deformation of the container(e9.4.1).Set the load-deformation recorder to display zero deformation.
9.4.1When testing full containers,and the load nsing device is located under the bottom platen,be sure to zero the test machine with the product on it,or subtract the container weight from peak load readings.
9.5Apply the load with a continuous motion of the movable platen of the testing machine at a speed of0.560.1in.(12.7 62.5mm)/min until failure or a specified load,has been reached(e Note3).
N OTE3—Special applications,such as Practice D4169,Element D, may require that a specific load be calculated and then applied to the container.
9.6Prior to testing for each type of loading,critical points shall be established,where applicable.Record the compressive load at the critical deformations,together with the maximum load and deformation.
10.Report
10.1Report the following information:
10.1.1A statement indicating that the tests were performed in accordance with this test method,except where noted. 10.1.2Container Structural and Physical Specifications: 10.1.2.1Inside
dimensions should be specified for all cor-rugated and solidfiberboard containers.
10.1.2.2Description of the contents(products)of the con-tainer and gross weight of thefilled container,as tested. 10.1.2.3Description and specification of materials,style of container,access holes,and double scores.
10.1.2.4Description and specifications for interior packag-ing,if ud.
10.1.2.5Spacing,size,and type of fasteners and method of closure.
10.1.2.6Printing amount and location on container.Record caliper of printed and plain surfaces.
10.1.3Detailed Results for Each Test Specimen:
10.1.3.1Pre-and post-test damage to the container and contents.
10.1.3.2Any obrvations that may assist in correctly inter-preting the results or aid in improving the design of
the
container(for example,photographic evidence of container damage).
10.1.3.3Nature and cau of failure.
10.1.3.4Any tests performed on the test specimen prior to compression testing.
10.1.3.5A tabulation of individual maximum load and deformation results.
10.1.3.6Graph or table showing the load-deformation rela-tionship for each test.
10.1.3.7Number of specimens tested.
10.1.3.8Mean and standard deviation calculations of all specimens tested.
10.1.4Identification of Test Apparatus and Instrumentation Ud,Including Manufacturer’s Names and Model Numbers.
10.1.4.1Type of test machine ud,such asfixed or swiveled platen.Include details of any known modifications.clot
10.1.4.2Orientation in which the specimen was tested,such as platen speed and pre-load applied to the test specimen,if any.
10.1.4.3Date of last calibration of apparatus and recording instrumentation.
10.1.5Method,if any,of conditioning the container.
10.1.6The moisture content of the wood,plywood,or fiberboard,if determined.
10.1.7Description of test t-up ud such as pallets,fixtures,or simulation devices.
10.1.8The results of any supplementary tests of the mate-rials from which the container is made.11.Precision and Bias9
11.1The precision and bias statement is bad on data developed from a round-robin compression test10conducted by eleven laboratories.The test specimens consisted of200-lb test C-flute regular slotted containers measuring16by12by10in. When testing empty RSC-style corrugated containers fo
r top to bottom compression strength using afixed-platen compression tester,the precision of the test method is as follows:
11.1.1Repeatability—The difference between successive results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test materials would in the long run,in normal and correct operation of the test method,exceed the following values only one time in twenty:
Repeatability58.5%~standard deviation!(2) 11.1.2Reproducibility—The difference between two single and independent results obtained by different laboratories on identical material would,in the long run,in normal and correct operation of the test method,exceed the following values only one time in twenty:
Reproducibility511.3%~standard deviation!(3) N OTE4—The repeatability and reproducibility values may reflect the inherent variability of the test specimen as much as the actual variability of the test method and the apparatus.
11.2Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in this test method,no statement on bias is being made.
12.Keywords
12.1compression;compression strength;corrugated boxes; dynamic load;fixed platen;floating platen;packaging;ship-ping containers;unit loads
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.CLOSURE APPARATUS FOR CORRUGATED CONTAINERS
X1.1Suitable facilities are required,including aling boards,clip or rods,and proper adhesives,for aling both the top and bottomflaps of box specimens without bracing the material within the boxes causing reinforcing of the sidewalls of the container or vertical reinforcement that will give fal results as to compressive strength.
X1.2Other closure apparatus may be ud for taping, stapling,or strapping.
X1.3When testing empty top-loaded containers,restraining of innerflaps may affect test results.
X1.4When testing side-and end-loaded containers,aling should be performed in a comparable manner to what is done in actual practice.
9Miles,J.G.,“Compression Strength of Corrugated Containers:An Interlabo-ratory Study,”Materials Rearch Standards,V ol6,No.3,March1966,pp. 142–146.
10Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters.Request RR:D10-
1859.
X2.MOISTURE CONTENT
X2.1Fiberboard —Determine the moisture content of fi-berboard at the time of test in accordance with Test Method D 644or equivalent.
X2.2Wood —Determine the moisture content of wood at the time of test by lecting duplicate samples from different parts of the container,immediately following the test,of
minimum 2in.3(32.8cm 3)each,weighing to the nearest 0.003oz (0.1g),drying to constant weight between 212and 221°F (100and 105°C),and reweighing.Express the moisture con-tent as a percentage of the oven-dry weight of the specimen.Refer to Test Method D 2016.
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