On the Ri and Fall of Great Britain
ID: 2010211740
Name:陈紫忻
Class: 10级7班
Score:
中文摘要
英国,又称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国。英国采用君主立宪制政体，王国政府所在地为英国首都伦敦。英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的大不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围，气候温和湿润。国土面积约为24.5万平方公里，人口超过六千万，位居欧洲第三。英国拥有英国是工业革命的发源地，也是第一个现代化的国家，是一个具有多元文化和开放思想的社会的国家。通过工业革命和殖民扩张，它在19世纪和20世纪早期是世界上最强大的国家，被称为“日不落帝国”。但是经过两次世界大战和20世纪下半叶大英帝国的崩溃，早已失去昔日的荣光。不过，英国仍然是一个在世界范围内拥有巨大影响力的政治、经济、文化和军事强国。
Abstract in English
Great Britain, also know as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland. The British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy and the government is located in its capital city London. Lying in the British Isles to the northwest of Continental Europe, Britai
n was surrounded by the North Sea, the British Channel, Celtic Sea, Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean with a mild and moist climate. It occupies an area of about 245,000square kilometers and has a population of more than 60.0 million people which ranking third among European countries. Britain is the birthplace of industrial revolution and the first modernized country in the world, with a society of multi-culture an open mind. It once had been the most powerful country in the world through Industrial Revolution and Colonial Expansion and was called the Great Empire on which sun never t, but its splendid past was gone forever in the wake of two World Wars and the decline of the empire of the early 20th century. Nevertheless, Britain is still a political, economical, cultural and military great power which has great influence on the world.
关键词：革命；扩张；帝国；世界大战；衰落
Key words: Revolution; Expansion; Empire; World War; decline
1.The Rise and Development of the Bourgeoisie
1.1 The Ri and Development of the Bourgeoisie The decline of feudalism made the merchants and craftsmen, the forefatherason怎么读 of the Bourgeoisie, gradually showed their importance. The shortage of labor resulting from the Black Death四年级英语上册 and the Peasant Uprising thus rved to weaken the feudal bond over the peasants and pave the way for capitalist development. A lot of nobles had lost their heads during the War of the Ros and many big feudal houholds had been destroyed. As a result, the position of the Tudor Monarchy was greatly strengthened and the influence of the new-born bourgeoisie incread.
With the development of the profitable clothing industry, more wood was needed and many land owners wanted more lands, so England witnesd the Enclosures. The disposssion of the peasantry caud much suffering to tenants and resulted in peasant uprising in 1549. T如何搭配服装hough it failed, it slowed down the spread of the hated enclosures. Feeling the impact resulting from the shortage of gold and silver, England started great voyages of discovery. The discovery of new lands and adventurous voyages not only enlarged man’s field of vision and sped up social and economic development, but also en
abled the landed gentry and the merchants rapidly accumulate wealth and become the forefather of the English bourgeoisie.
1.2 The Bourgeoisie Revolution After the great mental emancipation movement Renaissance which raid the main stream of humanism and promoted the development of science, more advanced persons came to doubt and challenge the old dogma of the church, which gave ri to the Henry Ⅷ’s Reformation. The Reformation was actually a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal ruling class and its ideology. What’s more, it had criticized tho religious doctrines which rved feudal relations and deprived the church of its lands and wealth, weakening one of the mainstays of feudal order. kelly kellyDuring Elizabeth’s tenure, she created a strong united country in which there should be no religious percution and Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith. In foreign affairs, she also made an effort to avoid wars and knocked open foreign markets which in turn stimulated Britain’s domestic development of industry and commerce by granting charters to merchants for the establishment of monopoly companies. At last, sea fights between Spanish and English ships ended with t
he failure of Spanish ships—the Invincible Fleet, which established the position of England as a major a power. Foreign trade had been expanding and colonial plunder increasing too. Her policies met the need of the rising 2011年高考分数bourgeoisie and large amounts of wealth flowed into England. The foundation of the empire was already laid then and it was going to take shape soon.
The conflict between the bourgeoisie and the crown escalated in the early years of the 17th century. When James Ⅰ reigned, the class contradictions became acute and complicated. After Charles Ⅰ ascended to the throne, the Civil War broke out. Till after the Glorious Revolution, William succeeded his brother Charles II, the constitutional monarchy in English began which brought with it the establishment of the capital system: the feudal nobles had ceded power to the bourgeoisie.
2. Industrial Revolution and Colonial Expansion
2.1 The Industrial Revolution 火锅英语The Industrial Revolution was a necessary result of social development in Britain. It was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brou
ght by the end of feudalism after the English Civil War in the 17th century. boundaryThe Enclosure Movement and the Agricultural Revolution were driving more and more peasants off their lands; as a result, they had to ek new employment to survive. Through colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, the greedy English capitalists accomplished their “primitive accumulation of capital”. All the factors combined to make forget的用法England the first country to undergo the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry becau of the short supply of yarn. Lots of inventions were made to improve thread-making techniques and the productivity was incread by 200 times. As the 18th century began, coal came to replace wood in the productive process. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the u of steam for power, and the James Watt’s invention of the steam engine led to the fast development of the iron, steel and coal industries. The expansion of production and trade promote the transportation revolution. Afterwards, the first steam loc
omotive was built in 1814 by Stephenson. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world”. English products flooded the world market. The English bourgeoisie amasd large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No country was strong enough to match England in the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain. Revolution pushed the middle class to the dominant position in the country though the noble class was still prominent in Parliament and bureaucracy. However, as the urban workers were more completely dependent on the will of the employer, relations between capital and labor were aggravated and the contradiction between two class became the major problem in English society. The gravitational center of the English economy also changed. The agricultural South became less important than areas in central and north ferreEngland, owing to their raw materials and cheap labor for industry. The industry had replaced agriculture as the main source of national income and wealth. The Industrial Revolution had profound significance on England; it enabled Britain to go far ahead of all the other countries. It became the workshop of the world and London became the financial center o剑桥大学官网
f the world trade and the English language was ud in many parts of the world. The empire came into being during the Industrial Revolution.
