握紧Yunnan Paiyao
luhuWesterners first learned of the Chine herbal mixture, “Yunnan paiyao”, meaning “the white medicine of Yunnan”, during the Vietnam War. Members of the U.S. military discovered that prisoners from North Vietnam often carried with them a tiny bottle of this product to take in the event that they were injured and bleeding, either internally or externally.1 Over the ensuing decades, Yunnan paiyao has grown in popularity among complementary medical practitioners, and even in some conventional medicine practices for its hemostatic and thrombolytic properties.
At first glance, the foil packet of Yunnan paiyao capsules may em puzzling, becau an unidentified little red pill lies at one end. Folklore has it that the North Vietname soldiers would take this red “hit pill” when riously wounded, as in receiving a gun shot wound, and this wound staunch the bleeding, and perhaps save their lives. The Chine Herbal Patent Formula guide contains an equally curious recommendation for the hit pill: “In cas of rious wounds or bleeding, take the single red pill that comes with each bottle first, with wine.”2
The Chine doctor Qu Huangzhang developed Yunnan paiyao in the Yunnan province of China in the early 1900’s. The Yunnan province is known as “the Kingdom of Fauna and Flora” for its vast supply of
vaghplants and animals ud in Chine medicinals. Although the mixture’s contents remained a manufacturing cret until fairly recently, over time suspicion grew that its main active ingredient consisted of pudoginng root, now called Panax notoginng, notoginng, “tien chi”, or “san qi”.3 Notoginng is a type of ginng that offers the highest concentration of hemostatic constituents among all ven major ginng types.4 Its origin in Yunnan makes n becau the notoginng grown there outperforms that grown elwhere in terms of crop yield and quality.5 Other substances in Yunnan paiyao formulations vary between manufacturers, and may include myrrh, ox bile, Chine yam, sweet geranium, lesr galangal root, and possibly other antiptics or astringent substances in a starch ba. No contents of the hit pill specifically appear on the Yunnan paiyao label, although it may contain a concentrated do of notoginng.
Rearchers confirmed the hemostatic properties of notoginng by comparing the effectiveness of the externally applied Yunnan paiyao product to pure 1 Bergner P. Panax notoginng Yunnan bai yao): A must for the first aid kit. Medical Herbalism. 10-31-94 6(3):12.
2 Fratkin J. Chine Herbal Patent Formulas – A Practical Guide. Santa Fe: Shya Publications, 1986. P. 133.
八小时环游世界
3 Fratkin J. Chine Herbal Patent Formulas – A Practical Guide. Santa Fe: Shya Publications, 1986. P. 133.
4 Zheng YN et al. Comparative analysis of the anti-haemorrhagic principle in ginng plants.
Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jilinesis. 1989;11(1):24-27, 102. [Article in Chine].loweight
5 Jin H, Cui XM, Zhu Y, et al. Effects of meteorological conditions on the quality of radix Notoginng. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2005;18(6):825-828.
notoginng, as well as to wheat flour as the placebo.6 Although unbleached wheat flour provides some hemostatic effects, both Yunnan paiyao and notoginng significantly shortened bleeding times in comparison to the flour. Yunnan paiyao and notoginng offered statistically similar hemostatic benefits. The metaphorical Traditional Chine Medicine description of how Yunnan paiyao works states that the mixture “stops bleeding, dispers stagnant blood, tonifies and invigorates blood, stops pain.”7 Tho awaiting a scientific explanation may find themlves frustrated by the scarcity of detailed information on the mechanisms of action. That is, despite the widespread adoption of this product as a hemostatic agent, its mechanisms remain largely a mystery. Notoginng contains veral pharmacologically active agents, but the total saponins of pa
nax notoginng (TPNS) appear to be the main active substances.8 TPNS compri a mixture of chemicals known as ginnosides and notoginnosides. One ginnoside known as “Rg1” acts as a potent phytoestrogen and activates estrogen receptors at low concentrations.9 That is, while most phytoestrogens require micromolar concentrations, Rg1 acts in the picomolar range.
Another study showed that notoginng reduces circulating levels of fibrinogen.10 Evidence supporting the u of Yunnan paiyao in veterinary patients is similarly slim. One randomized, controlled trial reported in 2004 studied the effects of Yunnan paiyao, another herbal hemostatic product called “Single Immortal”, and placebo on reducing the verity of exerci-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in hors.11 Although each herbal preparation was administered to hors at widely recommended dosing regimens, neither product affected the verity of EIPH or any other coagulation variables.
The dosage often suggested for medium- to large-sized dogs is one capsule once daily, or twice for more rious bleeding conditions. Some apply the herbal mixture directly to open wounds pouring the powder into the bleeding site and then bandaging the area.
foolishness
6 Fan C, Song J, and White CM. A comparison of the hemostatic effects of notoginng and Yun Nan Bai Yao to placebo control. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy. 2005;5(2):1-5.
流利说英语
7 Fratkin J. Chine Herbal Patent Formulas – A Practical Guide. Santa Fe: Shya Publications, 1986. P. 133.
8 Liu Y, Xie M-X, Kang J, et al. Studies on the interaction of total saponins of panax notoginng and human rum albumin by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta.
Part A. 2003;59:2747-2758.
9 Chan RYK, Chen W-F, Dong A, et al. Estrogen-like activity of ginnoside Rg1 derived from Panax notoginng.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002;87(8):3691-3695.
10 Cicero AFG, Vitale G, Savino G, et al. Panax notoginng (Burk.) effects on fibrinogen and
lipid plasma level in rats fed on a high-fat diet. Phytotherapy Reearch. 2003;17:174-178.
11 Epp TS, McDonough P, Padilla DJ, et al. The effect of herbal supplementation on the verity
of exerci-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Equine and Comparative Exerci Physiology. 2004;2(1):17-25.
Veterinarians and their clients most frequently consider administering yunnan paiyao orally and presurgically to prevent excessive blood loss intraoperatively, or long-term to control bleeding in animals with hemangiosarcoma or adenocarcinoma involving the nasal region.
Additional indications in the future may ari for cancer treatment due to the cytotoxic effects of notoginng12 as well as its capacity to specifically nsitize tumor cells to ionizing radiation.13
Most references list pregnancy as the only contraindication to yunnan paiyao, and this refers only to ingestion.
As far as potential risks, one study found that high dos of notoginng have been found to be toxic to bone marrow stem cells.14 To be certain, the usual drawbacks to Chine herbal products apply – lack of quality control, manufacturing regulations, and standardization.
The purity, and thus the safety, of Chine herbs have been questioned in numerous reports. Evidence of contamination with heavy metals, mycotoxins, microbial agents, and pesticide residues has appeared veral times in the scientific literature.15 Intentional adulteration with pharmaceutical agents continues to be of concern. As the demand for Chine herbs mounts, suppliers in China have moved from harvesting wild herbs to growing their own. Careful, pesticide-free cultivation tech
施工许可证管理办法
niques have given way to widespread reliance on high levels of pesticides.16 Bans impod on dangerous pesticides in Western countries do not apply to China. Organochlorine pesticide residues in Chine herbs remain a “core safety concern”, and notoginng has been found to occasionally contain DDT and its derivatives.17 At times, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has screened and then restricted importation of herbs that contain unacceptably high levels of pesticide residues.18
12 Chung VQ, Tattersall M, and Cheung HTA. Interactions of a herbal combination that inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmcology. 2004;53:384-390.
13 Chen FD, Wu MC, Wang HE, et al. Sensitization of a tumor, but not normal tissue, to the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation using Panax notoginng extract. American Journal of Chine Medicine. 2001;29(3/4): 517-524.
14 Chen FD, Wu MC, Wang HE, et al. Sensitization of a tumor, but not normal tissue, to the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation using Panax notoginng extract. American Journal of Chine Medicine. 2001;29(3/4): 517-524.
15 Leung KS-Y, Chan K, Chan C-L, et al. Systematic evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residue
s in Chine materia medica. Phytotherapy Rearch. 2005;19:514-518.
16 Leung KS-Y, Chan K, Chan C-L, et al. Systematic evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in Chine materia medica. Phytotherapy Rearch. 2005;19:514-518.
17 Leung KS-Y, Chan K, Chan C-L, et al. Systematic evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in Chine materia medica. Phytotherapy Rearch. 2005;19:514-518.视野的意思
muma18 Leung KS-Y, Chan K, Chan C-L, et al. Systematic evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in Chine materia medica. Phytotherapy Rearch. 2005;19:514-518.
In summary, as is so often the ca for Chine herbs, while Yunnan paiyao appears to offer demonstrable value, at this time its anecdotal acclaim outweighs the evidence, and unknowns regarding dosage, purity, and long-term benefits or risks persist.
