1087 APPARENT INTRINSIC DISSOLUTION—DISSOLUTION TESTING PROCEDURES FOR ROTATING DISK AND
STATIONARY DISK
This general information chapter Apparent Intrinsic Dissolution—Dissolution Testing Procedures for Rotating Disk and Stationary Disk 1087 discuss the determination of dissolution rates from nondisintegrating compacts exposing a fixed surface area to a given solvent medium. Compact, as ud here, is a nondisintegrating mass resulting from compression of the material under test using appropriate pressure conditions. A single surface having specified physical dimensions is prented for dissolution. Determination of the rate of dissolution can be important during the cour of the development of new chemical entities becau it sometimes permits prediction of potential bioavailability problems and may also be uful to characterize compendial articles such as excipients or drug substances. Intrinsic dissolution studies are characterization studies and are not referenced in individual monographs. Information provided in this general information chapter is intended to be adapted via a specific protocol appropriate to a specified material.
Dissolution rate generally is expresd as the mass of solute appearing in the dissolution medium per
unit time (e.g., mass c–1), but dissolution flux is expresd as the rate per unit area (e.g., mass cm–2 c–1). Reporting dissolution flux is preferred becau it is normalized for surface area, and for a pure drug substance is commonly called intrinsic dissolution rate. Dissolution rate is influenced by intrinsic solid-state properties such as crystalline state, including polymorphs and solvates, as well as degree of noncrystallinity. Numerous procedures are available for modifying the physicochemical properties of chemical entities so that their solubility and dissolution properties are enhanced. Among the are coprecipitates and the u of racemates and enantiomeric mixtures. The effect of impurities associated with a material can also significantly alter its dissolution properties. Dissolution properties are also influenced by extrinsic factors such as surface area, hydrodynamics, and dissolution medium properties, including solvent (typically water), prence of surfactants, temperature, fluid viscosity, pH, buffer type, and buffer strength.
Rotating disk and stationary disk dissolution procedures are sufficiently versatile to allow the study of characteristics of compounds of pharmaceutical interest under a variety of test conditions. Characteristics common to both apparatus include the following:
1.They are adaptable to u with standard dissolution testing stations, and both u a tablet die to hold the nondisintegrating
compact during the dissolution test.
2.They rely on compression of the test compound into a compact that does not flake or fall free during the dissolution test.
3. A single surface of known geometry and physical dimension is prented for dissolution.
4.The die is located at a fixed position in the vesl, which decreas the variation of hydrodynamic conditions.psbc
A difference between the two procedures is the source of fluid flow over the dissolving surface. In the ca of the rotating disk procedure, fluid flow is generated by the rotation of the die in a quiescent fluid, but fluid flow is generated by a paddle or other stirring device for the stationary disk procedure.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
guojiyinbiaoThe procedure for carrying out dissolution studies with the two types of apparatus consists of preparing a nondisintegrating compact of material using a suitable compaction device, placing the compact and surrounding die asmbly in a suitable dissolution medium, subjecting the compact to the desired hydrodynamics near the compact surface, and measuring the amount of dissolved solute
as a function of time.
Compacts are typically prepared using an apparatus that consists of a die, an upper punch, and a lower surface plate fabricated out of hardened steel or other material that allows the compression of material into a nondisintegrating compact. An alternative compaction apparatus consists of a die and two punches. Other configurations that achieve a nondisintegrating compact of constant surface area also may be ud. The nondisintegrating compact typically has a diameter of 0.2 cm to 1.5 cm.
Compact Preparation
Attach the smooth lower surface plate to the underside of the die, or alternatively, inrt the lower punch using an appropriate clamping system. Accurately weigh a quantity of material necessary to achieve an acceptable compact and transfer to the die cavity. Place the upper punch into the die cavity, and compress the powder on a hydraulic press at a compression pressure required to form a nondisintegrating compact that will remain in the die asmbly for the length of the test. Compression for 1 minute at 15 MPa usually is sufficient for many organic crystalline compounds, but alternative compression conditions that avoid the formation of capillaries should be evaluated. For a given substance, the compact preparation, once optimized is standardized to facilitate comparison of different samples of the substance.
Changes in crystalline form may occur during compression; therefore, confirmation of solid state form should be performed by powder X-ray diffraction or other similar technique. Remove the surface plate or lower punch. Remove loo powder from the surface of the compact and die by blowing compresd air or nitrogen over the surface.
Dissolution Medium
wdmThe choice of dissolution medium is an important consideration. Whenever possible, testing should be performed under sink conditions to avoid artificially retarding the dissolution rate due to approach of solute saturation of the medium. Dissolution
measurements are typically made in aqueous media. To approximate in vivo conditions, measurements may be run in the physiological pH range at 37. The procedure when possible is carried out under the same conditions that are ud to determine the intrinsic solubility of the solid state form being tested. Dissolution media should be deaerated immediately prior to u to avoid air bubbles forming on the compact or die surface.1
The medium temperature and pH must be controlled, especially when dealing with ionizable compounds and salts. In the latter cas, the dissolution rate may depend strongly on the pH, buffer
species, and buffer concentration. A simplifying assumption in constant surface area dissolution testing is that the pH at the surface of the dissolving compact is the same as the pH of the bulk dissolution medium. For nonionizable compounds, this is relatively simple becau no significant pH dependence on dissolution rate is expected. For acids and bas, the solute can alter the pH at and near the surface of the compact as it dissolves. Under the conditions, the pH at the surface of the compact may be quite different from the bulk pH due to the lf-buffering capacity of the solute. To asss intrinsic solubility, experimental conditions should be chon to eliminate the effect of solute buffering, alteration of solution pH, and precipitation of other solid state forms at the surface of the compact. For weak acids, the pH of the dissolution medium should be one to two pH units below the pKa of the dissolving species. For weak bas, the pH of the dissolution medium should be one to two pH units above the pKa of the dissolving species.morethan
Apparatus
Rotating Disk— A typical apparatus (Figure 1) consists of a punch and die fabricated out of hardened steel. The ba of the die has three threaded holes for the attachment of a surface plate made of polished steel, providing a mirror-smooth ba for the compacted pellet. The die has a cavity into which is placed a measured amount of the material who intrinsic dissolution rate is to b
e determined. The punch is then inrted in the die cavity and the test material is compresd with a hydraulic press. [NOTE—A hole through the head of the punch allows inrtion of a metal rod to facilitate removal from the die after the test.] A compacted pellet of the material is formed in the cavity with a single face of defined area expod on the bottom of the die.
Figure 1
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The die asmbly is then attached to a shaft constructed of an appropriate material (typically steel). The shaft holding the die asmbly is positioned so that when the die asmbly is lowered into the dissolution medium (Figure 2) the expod surface of the compact will be not less than 1.0 cm from the bottom of the vesl and nominally in a horizontal position. The die asmbly should be aligned to minimize wobble, and air bubbles should not be allowed to form on the compact or die surface.
Figure 2
A rotating disk speed of 300 rpm is recommended. Typical rotation speeds may range from 60 rpm to 500 rpm. The dissolution rate depends on the rotation speed ud. This parameter should be lected in order to admit at least five sample points during the test, but excessive stirring speeds may create shear patterns on the surface of the dissolving material that could cau aberrant results
(i.e., nonlinearity). Typically, the concentration of the test specimen is measured as a function of time, and the amount dissolved is then calculated. The sampling interval will be determined by the speed of the dissolution process. If samples are removed from the dissolution medium, the cumulative amount dissolved at each time point should be corrected for loss due to sampling.
Stationary Disk— The apparatus (Figure 3) consists of a steel punch, die, and a ba plate. The die ba has three holes for the attachment of the ba plate. The three fixed screws on the ba plate are inrted through the three holes on the die and then fastened with three washers and nuts. The test material is placed into the die cavity. The punch is then inrted into the cavity and compresd, with the aid of a bench top press. The ba plate is then disconnected from the die to expo a smooth compact pellet surface. A gasket is placed around the threaded shoulder of the die and a polypropylene cap is then screwed onto the threaded shoulder of the die.
The die asmbly is then positioned at the bottom of a specially designed dissolution vesl with a flat bottom (Figure 4). The stirring unit (e.g., paddle) is positioned at an appropriate distance (typically 2.54 cm) from the compact surface. The die asmbly and stirring unit should be aligned to ensure consistent hydrodynamics, and air bubbles should not be prent on the compact surface during testing. Alternative configurations may be utilized if adequate characterization and control of t
he hydrodynamics can be established.
Figure 3
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Figure 4
The dissolution rate depends on the rotation speed and preci hydrodynamics that exist. Typically, the concentration of the test specimen is measured as a function of time, and the amount dissolved is then calculated. The sampling interval will be determined by the speed of the dissolution process (e Rotating Disk). If samples are removed from the dissolution medium, the cumulative amount dissolved at each time point should be corrected for loss due to sampling.
tmzDATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The dissolution rate is determined by plotting the cumulative amount of solute dissolved against time. Linear regression analysis is performed on data points in the initial linear region of the dissolution curve. The slope corresponds to the dissolution rate (mass c–1). (More preci estimates of slope can be obtained using a generalized linear model that takes into account correlations among the measurements of the cumulative amounts dissolved at the various sampling times.)
soccer怎么读The amount versus time profiles may show curvature. When this occurs, only the initial linear portion of the profile is ud to
determine the dissolution rate. Upward curvature (positive cond derivative) of the concentration versus time data is typically
indicative of a systematic experimental problem. Possible problems include physical degradation of the compact by cracking, delaminating, or disintegration. Downward (negative cond derivative) curvature of the dissolution profile is often indicative of a transformation of the solid form of the compact at the surface or when saturation of the dissolution medium is inadvertently being approached. This often occurs when a less thermodynamically stable crystalline form converts to a more stable form. Examples include conversion from an amorphous form to a crystalline form or from an anhydrous form to a hydrate form, or the formation of a salt or a salt converting to the corresponding free acid or free ba. If such curvature is obrved, the crystalline form of the compact may be assd by removing it from the medium and examining it by powder X-ray diffraction or another similar technique to determine if the expod surface area is changing.
The constant surface area dissolution rate is reported in units of mass c –1, and the dissolution flux is reported in units of mass cm –
2 c –1. The dissolution flux is calculated by dividing the dissolution rate by the surface area of the
compact. Test conditions, typically a description of the apparatus, rotation speed, temperature, buffer species and strength, pH, and ionic strength should also be reported with the analys.
兼职英文翻译1 One method of deaeration is as follows: Heat the medium, while stirring gently, to about 41, immediately filter under vacuum using a filter having a porosity of 0.45 µm or less, with vigorous stirring, and continue stirring under vacuum for about 5 minutes. Other deaeration techniques for removal of dissolved gas may be ud.
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