【货运知识】如何做到全程把控谷物的装载与运输？
Introduction
This briefing deals with loss prevention measures for reducing the frequency and conquences of cargo damage claims from the carriage of grain cargoes.
This briefing is relevant to grain, barley, maize, American corn, oats, rye, sorghum, wheat, soya beans, eds, bulk rice, millet, and other similar agricultural products. The are all cargoes where the grains or eds have not been subjected to any mechanical or chemical extraction process.
All grain cargoes and ed cargoes that behave like grains must be carried strictly in accordance with the International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk (International Grain Code, 1991).bth
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How grain cargoes can be damaged
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结合英文·
Heatevasion – Other than the heat caud by lf-heating associated with moisture content and cargo temperature on loading. Grain cargoes must be protected from surfaces where the temperature is likely to exceed 40°C – engine room bulkheads and any heated tank surface for example.
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Heat damaged grain – stowed next to engine room bulkhead
· Infestation or contamination – The prence of live or dead incts or pests,dead rodents, dead birds,already damaged cargo, or any debris.
pasco·Water ingress – The hatch covers are not weathertight or there is water ingress from below – bilges or tank leak.
·Condensation – from sweat. 延伸阅读-请戳这里《【干货】货物通风方法及减少汗湿的预防措施》.
· Mould – If the average moisture content of the grain is high and the cargo temperature on loading is high – the condition of the cargo will eventually start to deteriorate. The cargredwine
o may lf-heat, go mouldy and/or become caked.
Before loading
Hold cleaning
For the loading of grain cargoes the holds must be 'grain clean’ or 'hospital clean’. The industry accepted definitions of hospital clean and grain clean are provided by the National Cargo Bureau (NCB) as follows:
1. Hospital clean
Hospital clean is the most stringent, requiring the holds to have 100% intact paint coatings on all surfaces,including the tank top, all ladder rungs and undersides of hatches. The standard of hospital clean is a requirement for only a few certain grain cargoes and trades – for example rice in bulk. Generally, the high standards of cleanliness will only be met by vesls trading exclusively with such cargoes. It will rarely be required in the tramp trades.
2. Grain clean
Grain clean is the most common requirement. A ship will be required to be grain clean for all grain or ed cargoes. Ships holds will be inspected for:
· Previous cargo residues and 'rub off’ stains.
· Loo rust and paint scale
· Any other contaminants
· Infestation
· Odours
· Moisture or leakageanyone
1. All past cargo residues and any lashing materials are to be removed from the hold.
2. Any loo paint or rust scale must be removed.
3. It probably will be necessary to wash the hold - the holds must be dried after washing.
4. The hold must be well ventilated to ensure that it is odour-free and gas-free.
5. Flaking paintwork under the hatch coaming can result in a hold failing the grain survey.
6. Ensure that any hot bulkheads - temperature over 40°C – are protected from contact with the grain cargo.
Not grain clean – loo rust and debris on tank topven days
Not grain clean – loo rust found by surveyor
Before loading – average moisture content
The average moisture content of grain cargoes should be between 10% and 16%. Each cargo may have different critical limits. For example corn/maize should not exceed 14% and soya beans should not exceed 13%. Check the cargo handling information for the general limit.
The average moisture content does not mean this:
This is just a general statement saying the average moisture content is assumed not to exceed a maximum of 14%.
An average moisture content of the cargo on loading should be available – for example:
This cargo of soya beans has an average moisture content declared as 11.24%.
General rule: Grain cargoes shipped with average moisture content in the region of 12 to 14% have a high risk of going mouldy during the voyage. The risk increas significantly if average moisture content exceeds 14%
General rule: Grain cargoes with an average moisture content of 10% or below have a lower risk of going mouldy during the voyage.
Before loading – consider appointing a surveyor
Before the loading begins the Master should consider appointing a local expert surveyor t
o assist him.
