Effects of the Crusades
The Crusades kept all Europe in a tumult骚乱 for two centuries, and directly and indirectly cost Christendom信奉基督教的国家 veral millions of lives (from 2,000,000 to 6,000,000 according to different estimates), besides incalculable不可计算的 expenditures 开支lesson是什么意思in treasure and suffering. They were, moreover, attended by all 伴（v.）the disorder, licen, and crime with which war is always accompanied. On the other hand, the Holy Wars were productive indirectly of so much and lasting good that they form a most important factor in the history of the progress of civilization. The effects of the crusades influenced:
Effects of the Crusades on the Catholic Church
The Crusades contributed to increa the wealth of the Church and the power of the Papacy天主教会gone with the wind. Thus the prominent显著的 part which the Popes教皇 took in the enterpris naturally fostered their authority and influence, by placing in their hands, the armies and resources of Christendom, and accustoming使习惯于 the people to look to them as guides and leaders.
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As to the wealth of the churches and monasteries修道院, this was augmented增广的 enormously by the sale to them, often for a mere fraction of their actual value, of the estates财产of tho preparing for the expeditions远征, or by the out and out gift of the lands of such in return for prayers and pious虔诚的 benedictions恩赐.
Thousands of the crusaders, returning broken in spirits and in health, sought an asylum收容所 in cloistral修道院的 retreats休息寓所, and endowed捐赠 the establishments that they entered with all their worldly世间的goods
Besides all this, the stream of the ordinary gifts of piety was swollen 膨胀by the extraordinary fervor热情 of religious enthusiasm which characterized the period into enormous proportions. In all the ways, the power of the Papacy and the wealth of the Church were vastly augmented.
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Effects of the Crusades on Commerce 美国之声第一季下载
One of the most important effects of the crusades was on commerce. They created a con
stant恒定的 demand for the transportation of men and supplies, encouraged ship-building 造船, and extended 扩张the market for eastern wares商品 in Europe. The products of Damascus大马士革（叙利亚首都）, Mosul摩苏尔（伊拉克北部城市）, Alexandria亚历山大港（位于埃及）；, Cairo开罗, and other great cities were carried across the Mediterranean 地中海to the Italian aports, whence they found their way into all European lands. The elegance of the Orient东方诸国joey, with its silks, tapestries挂毯, precious stones, perfumes香料, spices, pearls, and ivory象牙, was so enchanting that an enthusiastic crusader called it "the vestibule门廊 of Paradi."
Effects of the Crusades on Feudalism封建制度
音乐专业美国留学The crusades could not fail to affect in many ways the life of western Europe. For instance, they helped to英译中翻译器 undermine破坏 feudalism. Thousands of barons男爵 and knights mortgaged 抵押or sold their lands in order to rai money for a crusading expedition. Thousands more perished灭亡 in Syria叙利亚 and their estates财产, through failure of heirs, reverted to the crown. Moreover, private warfare冲突, which was rife 普遍的during t
he Middle Ages, also tended to die out with the departure for the Holy Land of so many turbulent骚乱的 feudal lords. Their decline in both numbers and influence, and the corresponding growth of the royal authority, may best be traced in the changes that came about in France, the original home of the crusading movement.
Political Effects of the Crusades
As to the political effects of the Crusades, they helped to break down the power of the feudal aristocracy贵族, and to phaeton是什么意思give prominence to 突出，重视the kings and the people.
Many of the nobles贵族 who t out on the expeditions never returned, and their estates, through failure of heirs, escheated to the Crown; while many more wasted their fortunes in meeting the expens of their undertaking事业.
At the same time, the cities also gained many political advantages at the expen of the crusading barons男爵 and princes. Ready money 现金in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was largely in the hands of the burgher class市民阶级, and in return for 作为报
答stylerthe contributions and loans they made to their overlords封建领主, or suzerains封建主, they received charters conferring 授予special and valuable privileges.
And the other political effects of the Crusades was that in checking the advance of the Turks the fall of Constantinople君士坦丁堡（土耳其港市，现称Istanbul）was postponed延期 for three centuries or more. This gave the early Christian civilization of Germany time to acquire sufficient strength to roll back 击退the returning tide趋势 of Mohammedan伊斯兰教的 invasion when it broke upon Europe in the fifteenth century.
Social Effects of the Crusades
The Social effects of the Crusades upon the social life of the Western nations were marked显著的 and important. The Crusades afforded an opportunity for romantic空想的 adventure. The Crusades were therefore one of the principal fostering influences of Chivalry骑士制度. Contact with the culture of the East provided a general refining influence.
Effects of the Crusades - Intellectual Development
