The Long War Against Corruption
Ben W. Heineman, Jr., and Fritz Heimann
反腐败持久战英语四级成绩什么时候公布
小本·W·海涅曼和弗里茨·海曼A WAY TO GO
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Since the mid-1990s, the issue of corruption has gained a prominent place on the global agenda.International organizations, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the UN, have adopted conventions requiring that their members enact laws prohibiting bribery and extortion. International financial agencies, notably the World Bank, have announced programs aimed at ensuring fair and open contracting for their projects and stopping misappropriation by government officials.Most nations have enacted some type of anticorruption law. International business groups have promulgated model codes of behavior, and multinational corporations (MNCs) now claim to be implementing antibribery programs. The leading nongovernmentalorganization (NGO) in this area, Transparency International (TI), has conducted analysis and advocacy through chapters in over 90 nations. The international media report instances of corruption in high places virtually every day (often at great risk).crane
前进道路
自20世纪90年代中期以来，腐败问题一直占据着全球议事日程的突出地位。一些国际机构，如经济合作和开发组织以及联合国，采取了协约的形式，要求各成员国制定法律禁止行贿受贿和索贿等行为。一些国际金融机构，尤其是世界银行，宣布了多个方案，旨在确保其项目承包的公正和公开性，杜绝政府官员侵吞私占。大多数国家都出台了某种形式的反腐败法。国际商业团体也颁布了行为示范法规，跨国公司如今宣称正在实施反贿赂计划。反腐倡廉方面的非政府机构的带头人“透明国际”也通过其分布在90多个国家的分支机构开展了分析和倡导活动。国际媒体事实上是每天（常常冒着极大的风险）报道高层人物腐败堕落的事例.
Underlying the changes in rules, rhetoric, and awareness is the growing recognition that bribery and extortion have demonstrably deleterious conquences. Gone is the day when some pundits riously argued that corruption was an efficient corrective for overregulated economies or that it should be tolerated as an inevitable byproduct of intractable forces. The true impact of corruption is now widely acknowledged: corruption distorts markets and competition, breeds cynicism among citizens, undermines the rule of law, damages government legitimacy, and corrodes the integrity of the private ctor. It is also a major barrier to international development －systemic misappropriation by kleptocratic governments harms the poor.
金融时报中文版
micromedia之所以出现了这些新的规章、反腐誓言和觉悟的提高，其根本原因就在于人们越来越清晰地认识到收受贿赂和勒索钱财的行为带来了显而易见的恶果。曾几何时一些博学之士一本正经地说：腐败是对过度调控经济体制的一种有效的矫正行为，或者说，腐败作为不可驾驭的力量的一种副产品，它是不可避免的，我们应该包容它。如今这样说的日子一去不复返了。现在腐败带来的真正危害已经广为人知：腐败扰乱市场、破坏竞争、滋长市民的冷嘲热讽、削弱法治的威力、损害政府的合法性，还会侵蚀私营市场的诚信度。腐败还是阻止国际发展的极大阻碍，因为贪赃舞弊的政府自上而下的侵吞挪用坑害了穷人.
Although it is difficult to quantify global corruption, there is little question that huge problems exist. For example, the World Bank estimated in 2004 that public officials worldwide receive more than $1 trillion in bribes each year (and that figure does not include embezzlement).六级翻译技巧
A 2005 survey by the Russian think tank Indem found that more than $300 billion in bribes is paid
在先翻译in Russia annually (a ten-fold increa since the last survey, in 2001) and that more than half of all Russians have at some point been asked for a payoff.According to the 2005 V olcker report (a report on the UN’s former oil-for-food program by an independent committee headed by the economist Paul V olcker), more than 2,000 companies participating in the oil-for-food program －almost half of t
he total －may have been involved in kickback schemes. And the drumbeat of scandals continues, with events in China, Indonesia, Kenya, Russia, and the United States leading the news during the past year.
虽然很难量化全球腐败的程度，但存在巨大弊端却是毋庸置疑的。例如，2004年世界银行估计全世界的政府公务员每年收受贿金在一万亿美元以上（而且这个数字还不包括贪污）。俄国智囊团Indem 在2005年所做的一次调查发现：每年在俄国支付的贿金超过3 000亿美元（比上次2001年调查到的数字增加了10倍），而且有不止一半的俄国人曾经被索要过贿赂。根据2005年度的沃尔克报告（由经济学家保罗·沃尔克担纲的一个独立委员会对联合国之前实行的石油换食品计划所做的调查报告），参与石油换食品计划的2 000多家公司几乎有一半可能有吃回扣的行为。频频不断的丑闻此起彼伏，一直没有消停。过去一年，中国、印尼、肯尼亚、俄国和美国的爆料占据着新闻的榜首chainsaw
Given vast, continuing problems, the anticorruption movement will maintain its credibility and momentum only if it can translate its rhetoric into action and prevent and punish misbehavior in a more focud and systematic manner. In the near term, the implementation of anticorruption measures must come in important part from international organizations, developed nations, and MNCs. Developing nations also have a critical role to play. But their legal, political,and economic systems vary greatly －they are failed or failing, fragile or rising －and so anti-corruption initiatives in
the developing world will have to be a part of, and dependent on, each country’s broad, complex, and often lengthy state-building process.
考虑到这些问题范围之广且层出不穷，只有当我们以更加集中化和系统化的方式把反腐誓言付诸行动、预防和惩罚不端行为时，反腐运动才能保持其可信度和强劲的势头。在近期内，唱重头戏的国际组织、发达国家以及跨国公司必须实施反腐措施。发展中国家也有重要角色需要扮演，但由于这些国家的法律、政治和经济体系差异很大—它们要么不成功，要么眼看就要失败；要么不堪一击，要么正在兴起—因此发展中国家的反腐运动将不得不是各国广泛、复杂且往往是历时长久的国家建设过程的一部分，而且取决于这个国家建设的过程。
POL YMORPHOUSL Y CORRUPT
Corruption takes many forms. It has a supply side (private bribers) and a demand side (public officials). There is grand corruption, involving high-level officials with discretionary authority over government policy, and petty corruption, involving lower-level officials who control access to basic rvices such as education and electricity. There is the dynamic between the developed nations that are a main source of the funds and the developing nations that host the majority of the officials who extort and misappropriate.
purcha是什么意思形态多样的腐败堕落
腐败的形式有很多种，它既有供给方（私人行贿者），又有需求方（政府公务员）；既有能随心所欲地操控政府决策的高层官员参与的大规模腐败行为，也有控制着诸如教育和供电等基础服务设施的低层官僚参与的小规模腐败行为。再说，提供主要资金来源的发达国家和拥有大批巧取豪夺、侵吞私占的政府官员的发展中国家二者之间有一种动态机制。
Tackling this multifaceted problem, and understanding how near-term priorities fit into long-term approaches, requires pursuing four types of measures. First is enforcement, which eks
to deter future misconduct by investigating and procuting existing corruption. Second is prevention: the enactment and implementation of legislation and administrative regulations that choke off corrupt practices (such measures should include ombudsman systems, whistleblower protection laws, transparent rules of procurement and accounting, freedom-of-information laws, auditing and internal-control requirements for public and private entities, and anti-money-laundering regimes). Third is the much more complex process of state building, which consists of institutional reforms designed to create a society of laws, not men, and to build a transparent, accountable, and durable legal, economic, and political foundation. Finally, there is the cultural dimension of anticorrup
tion, which involves transmitting positive values and norms that can strengthen the enforcement, prevention, and state-building measures.
要攻克这个牵涉到多层面的问题，并明确近期的工作重点如何与长期的应对方法相符，我们就应该采取四种措施：第一是强制执行，即通过对现有的腐败行为进行调查和提起公诉，力图制止未来的不法行为；第二是预防，即制定和实施遏制各种腐败行为的法规及行政条例（这些措施必须包含政府监察官巡视制度、举报人保护法、采购和财会透明规章制度、信息自由法、公共和私营实体审计和内部监控的必要条例以及反洗钱制度等）；第三是政府行为建设这个复杂得多的过程，由各种机构改革组成，旨在创建一个法治社会，而不是人治社会，奠定一个透明的、有诚信的、长久的法律、经济和政治基础；最后一个措施就是实行文化层面上的反腐败，这包括传播能够加强执法和预防腐败、促进国家政府建设措施的积极价值观和行为规范。
POLITICS AND POLICIES
The most important question facing the anticorruption movement today is how to create a politics that can make the policies of enforcement and prevention effective and change the mindt of international institutions, developed nations, and MNCs. To make financial discipline operational, international financial institutions must change the perspective of tho staff members who, eager to
push money out the door, oppo conditioning loans or grants on curing commitments from beneficiaries to fight corruption.
政治和政策
如今反腐运动面临的最重要的问题就是达成一种政治见解，一个可以使实施及预防的政策变得有效、并且能够改变国际机构、发达国家和跨国公司思想倾向的政治见解。为了使金融纪律得到有效实施，国际金融机构必须改变那些业内人士的观念，这些人一心只想放贷出门，因而反对以承诺打击腐败为前提向贷款受益人提供贷款和补助。当本国公司在海外进行贿赂活动时，即使面临激烈的全球竞争，发达国家也必须表明其具有调查和起诉这家本国公司的政治意愿。最后，跨国公司必须克服短期经济压力，改变老一套经营方式，以便创建和保持一种反腐的理念以及一套有效步骤，使公司上下都自觉遵守这一理念。
Ultimately, the most potent force for change is the idea that corruption is morally repugnant and inimical to competition, globalization, the rule of law, international development, and the welfare of citizens around the world. During the past decade, many public- and private-ctor actors have paid lip rvice to the idea that fighting corruption is in both their own interest and the interest of the global good. Now they must act.
最强大的变革力量归根到底就是大家都抱有腐败是道德的沦丧，是与竞争、全球化、法治、国际发展以及与全世界人民的福祉背道而驰的这种观念。在过去10年，许多公共和私营部门的风头人物口头上都说得很漂亮：与腐败作斗争既符合他们自己的利益，又符合全球利益。现在他们该付诸行动了。
