Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 2 (2012) 1165-1170
Earlier title: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, ISSN 1939-1250
Recycling of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) in Avocado Orchards
Ofer Danai1, 2, Hadar Cohen1, Nirit Ezov1, Noam Yehieli1 and Dan Levanon1, 2
flamethrower1. Migal, GalileeTechnologyCenter, Kiryat Shemona 11016, Israel
2. Tel-HaiCollege, Department of Biotechnology, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel
Received: June 7, 2012 / Published: November 20, 2012.
Abstract: Spent mushroom substrates (SMS) are usually treated as wastes. One of the main beneficial us of SMS is as soil amendment, after further composting, for horticulture. Avocado orchards in Northern Israel, are grown mainly on heavy clay soils, suffering from poor drainage and limited aeration. This situation can cau yield decrea and lead to tree’s degeneration. In the prent study, two soil cover (mulch) treatments were compared, in an avocado orchard, as means to solve this problem:SMS and cattle manure compost (CMC). The yields of two avocado varieties were higher on S
MS than CMC mulch. Thick growth of avocado roots was found in and under both mulch types. Soil’s electrical conductivity (EC) values were high under both mulch types, although they later decread, due to annual rainfall. There are treatments (leaching etc.) that can be ud, for minimizing the increa of soil’s salinity after SMS application. Enhancement of avocado root growth into and under the mulch can lead to improvement of avocado trees growth, especially on heavy un-drained soils. Therefore, SMS recycling is advantageous for both avocado and mushroom growers. The commercial utilization of SMS in avocado orchards should be done carefully, with monitoring its impact on soil’s EC (salinity) and taking the needed measures to avoid unnecessary damages.
Key words: SMS, CMC, avocado, heavy clay soils.
1. Introduction
Production of “white button mushrooms” (Agaricus bisporus) is done on composts, covered with casing soils. At the end of the cultivation cycle, the substrates, known as spent mushroom substrates (SMS) are moved from the growing rooms and treated as wastes. They can pollute the environment (soil, air and water), but can be beneficial, if they are treated and ud properly [1-5]. Efforts are made to reu SMS in composts for mushroom cultivation [3]. One of the main us of S
not yetMS, is as organic fertilizer, and soil conditioner in agriculture and horticulture. It rves as supplier of both organic matter, which improves soils’ structure and as source of macro and micro elements, for plants nutrition [5-9]. The u of SMS as retardant of soil born plant dias and notorious fungi was
Corresponding author: Ofer Danai, Ph.D., rearch fields: cultivation of edible mushrooms, recycling of agricultural wastes.E-mail:**************.il.also demonstrated [5-9]. The substrates ud for mushroom production in Israel are: compost, made mainly of poultry manure, wheat straw and gypsum and casing soil, compod of black peat, amended with lime. Most of the Israeli mushroom growers are located in Northern part of the country, producing 8,000 tons of mushrooms and 100,000 cubic meters of SMS, annually. The SMS are moved from the farms to remote locations, for further composting, before reu. Avocado orchards that are located clo to the mushroom farms are cultivated mainly on heavy clay soils, suffering from poor drainage and limited aeration. For proper avocado roots development, the soil must be well aerated [10].
Therefore, the prent situation can cau yield decrea and lead to tree’s degeneration. The u of composted yard trimmings and/or raw yardtrimmings as mulch in Avocado orchards was studied in
California and showed promising results [10].
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Recycling of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) in Avocado Orchards 1166
Therefore, the aim of the prent study was to check the possibility of recycling SMS as mulch, in Avocado orchards, in order to overcome the above mentioned problem.
2. Materials and Methods
In a four years experiment in an avocado orchard, two soil cover (mulch) treatments were compared: Fresh SMS and “conventional” agricultural cattle manure compost (CMC). The soil was covered with 40 m3 mulch foran hectare placed on one side of the trees line, each time (150 L for a tree). The first application was done during June 2008, after SMS leaching. The cond application was done during January 2009 on the other side of the trees line. The third application was done during Januar
y 2010, again on the side of the trees like the 2008 application. The control was uncovered soil of avocado orchard. All treatments were in four replicates, with two avocado varieties: Hass and Ethinger. The plots were irrigated with reclaimed effluents and fertilized according to the recommended protocol, for avocado orchards in Northern Israel. Data loggers (Hobo 4 Chanel) were ud to collect temperature data year around. The temperature detectors were placed: in the mulch on both sides of the trees row, in the soil under the mulch between two trees in the row and 20 cm above the mulch. Temperatures were recorded every 30 min. Chemical analys of the mulch covers were made annually for: ash and total N, C/N ratio, pH and EC. In all treatments, soil’s chemical analysis were made once a year for: N, P, K, Cl, Na, Ca, Mg, Bo, content, pH, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC) at the depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm. Chemical analysis of avocado leaves: for N, P, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, Bo, content were also made annually. The amount of roots in the top soil (0-30 cm) was weighed in 200 g soil samples. Pictures were taken of avocado roots growth into the mulch. Yields of both varieties were measured annually. Yield quality was identified according to the portion of the fruits above certain dimensions. 3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Mulch and Soil Analysis
During the winter soil temperatures were raid by 2-3 °C, under the mulch treatments (data not prented). During January-May 2009 (after the cond mulch applications) CMC mulch incread soil temperature more than SMS mulch, mainly where mulch was applied on January 2009. This CMC mulch was probably un-mature manure compost and therefore, its degradation relead more heat.
Ash content of mulch layers during the year (2008-2009), after the first mulch application, is prented in Fig. 1.
Ash content incread faster in SMS mulch than in CMC. Increa in ash content is an indication for degradation of organic matter. The SMS was fresh spent mushroom compost, and therefore was further degraded as mulch. The decrea of ash content few months after application is explained by penetration of avocado roots into the mulch, leading to higher organic matter content and less ash.
The electrical conductivity (EC), of the two mulch layers, of the first mulch application, during the years 2008-2010, is prented in Fig. 2.
The EC of the two mulch layers decread rapidly during the first winter, after application.
SMS was leached before its application to avocado orchard. CMC was un-leached compost and its EC decread faster during the first winter, probably due to leaching by the rains. The electrical conductivity (EC) of SMS mulches, during the first year after each application, is prented in Fig. 3.
Decrea of EC of the SMS mulch layers was obrved after each application. This decrea is probably due to mulch leach by rain and irrigation. This phenomenon could lead to increa in soil’s EC under the mulch, to levels harmful to avocado roots. Therefore, chemical composition analysis, of soils under the mulch covers, was made.
Chemical analysis of the soils, three years after the
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Recycling of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) in Avocado Orchards 1167
Fig. 1 Ash content in mulch layers of June 2008 application.
Fig. 2 EC of mulch layers applied on June 2008.
S M S im plem en ted on 06/2008S M S im plem en ted on 01/2009
S M S im plem en ted on 06/2010
Fig. 3 The EC of SMS mulch layers during the year after their application.
Recycling of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) in Avocado Orchards 1168
first mulch application, is prented in Table 1.
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人教版初中英语单词EC values of the soils under the mulch were higher than tho of the control soils. The soil’s EC was the highest under the SMS mulch. Soils’ chlorine (Cl) contents were higher under both mulch covers, than in the control and the highest under SMS mulch.
The results reveal the known negative impact of SMS, and to less extant other composts, on incread soil salinity. There is evidence that this problem can be treated by SMS leaching or by changes in the mushroom composts’ composition [9].
Soil’s N and P content were higher under mulch treatments and the highest under the CMC mulch. Soil’s Ca + Mg contents were also higher, under the mulch treatments. The results reveal the potential of the mulch covers, as nutrient suppliers to the crop. No significant differences were found in chemical analysis of avocado leaves, of the two varieties, with the above mentioned mulch treatments.
Thick growth of avocado roots into both mulch types was documented (Fig. 4). The weight of avocado roots in 200 g top soil was 4.1 g under SMS mulch treatment and 4.8 g under CMC mulch. In control soil only 2.0 g of avocado roots in 200 g top soil were found (data not prented). Therefor
e, root growth was enhanced in the soil under the mulch cover, too. The enhancement of avocado root growth, into and beneath mulch layers, is since the orchard planted on heavy clay soil, suffering from poor drainage and limited aeration. Striking increa of avocado root growth, under mulch of composted or raw yard trimmings, was demonstrated in California [10]. Compost u as mulch was recommended for agriculture and landscape [11]. The salinity of the composts that were ud in California was lower than the salinity of our mulch treatments [11]. Therefore, the u SMS as mulch can probably improve avocado cultivation, on such heavy clay soils, once it is leached, to reduce salinity.
3.2 Avocado Yields
Yields of the two tested varieties during four fruiting asons were collected and are prented in Figs. 5 and 6.
There were mostly no significant differences, between avocado yields of the two varieties, with the three treatments, during the entire experiment period. The only exception is the yields of Ethinger variety, of the 2011 fruiting ason. At this ason, there were significantly higher yields, in the order of: control > SMS > CMC. This ason’s higher yields of the control were accompanied by smaller fr
uit size, meaning less quality. In the other fruiting asons, there were no significant differences in avocado quality, between the three treatments. Nevertheless SMS mulch treatments yields were higher than yields
Table 1 Soil chemical analysis under the mulch, three years after first application.
CMC
alonzo mourning
SMS
Control
Parameter
15-30 cm
0-15 cm
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15-30 cm
0-15 cm
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15-30 cm
0-15 cm
14.3
32.9
11.5
25.8
6.7
14.3
N-NO3 (mg/kg)
37.9
67.2
12.4
41.6
11.3
31.8
P (mg/kg)
0.420
1.040
0.280
1.150
0.160
0.360
K in soil extract (mequ/L)
1.500
1.500
1.920
1.900
1.100
1.100
EC (dS/m)
5.00
3.60
7.50
3.40
3.20
2.30
Cl (mequ/L)
6.14
4.21
6.29
5.87
5.60
4.09
Na (mequ/L)
3.00
1.92
2.66
2.13
3.35
2.16
SAR
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9.6
11.2
15.2
5.6
7.2
Ca + Mg (mequ/L)
2.60
3.50
1.30
1.80
0.70
1.00
Zn
50.7
47.3
63.6
36.0
36.2
43.2
Mn
5.3
i kisd a girl4.7
13.5
5.8
5.4
4.6
Cu
19.6
20.0
15.7
12.7
18.6
14.5
Fe
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Recycling of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) in Avocado Orchards
英语辞典
1169
Fig. 4 Growth of avocado roots into SMS mulch above the soil.
Fig. 5 Yields of Hass variety during four fruiting asons.
Fig. 6 Yields of Ethinger variety during four fruiting asons. All Rights Rerved.
