第6章
介词的翻译
古比介词是一种虚词，主要用来表示词与词之间的关系，在英语中应用十分广泛。由于介词用在不同的地方，与不同的词搭配时表示的意思截然不同。故介词的翻译往往会给译者带来许多麻烦。翻译英语介词最根本的原则是：一方面要认真理解和掌握介词本身的含义，仔细地分析和确定介词在英语原文中的特定意义；另一方面要在准确理解的基础上，用符合汉语习惯的方式，将介词所含的特定意义准确地表达出来。
第1节介词的一般译法
英语中的介词主要有两大类，即单个介词和短语介词。就其语法功能而言，单个介词和短语介词是一样的。从宏观上来讲，介词的译法主要有以下三种：
一、直译
直译就是直接译出介词本身的意义。如：
Installed in the ceiling of the facility are fully-controlled lights which play the role of the sun.
起到光照作用的全控灯安装在这个设施的天花板内。
This controller system obrves liquid level by means of a nsing plate.
这个控制系统通过一个感测板来观测液面。
The quality of any nsation depends upon the area of the cerebral cortex where the impul arrives.
任何感觉的性质都取决于脉冲所到达的大脑皮质的部位。
第1节翻译练习1
1. In general, man rves as the source of infection while animals act as such only occasionally.
2. an industrial robot shares many attributes in common with a numerical control machine tool.
二、转译
许多介词在翻译时可以进行转译。介词的转译最常见的主要有以下几种情况：
1. 转译为动词
介词转译为动词是最常见的介词转译现象。如：
ly∇ A polymer is a substance of high molecular weight, well above the size if the compounds considered so far.
聚合物是一种高分子的物质，其大小远远超出迄今所提到的各种化合物。
∇ A partial flange B is attached to the cylinder A, around which is wrapped a cord.
凸块B固定在圆柱体A上，而圆柱体A上又缠绕着一根绳索。
∇ Warm-blooded creatures do not need to depend on the sun for body heat.
温血动物不需要依赖太阳来获得体温。
第1节翻译练习2
1.With non-changeover control both the boiler plant and the chiller plant operate to provide simultaneous heating and cooling throughout the year.
2.The online rvice delivers substantially more value to our global audience of e-business professio
nals in the chemical, plastics and allied industries.
3.This device can mimic photosynthesis to produce usable energy from sunlight.
2.转译为动词
wisdom是什么意思英语中某些介词汉译时可转移为汉语的连词。如：
∇A valuable instrument may be damaged beyond repair in a few cond of carelessness.
由于疏忽大意，重要的仪表可在几秒之内被损坏到无法修复的程度。
∇With all its advantages, the accuracy of the new dating method using radioactive c-14 can’t be blindly trusted.
利用放射性碳14测定年代的新方法虽然有种种优点，但是我们可不可盲目相信其准确性。
∇For a polymer to be electrically conductive, if must “imitate”a metal--the electrons in the bonds must be freely mobile and not bound fast to the atoms.
人称代词练习题
如果一个聚合物要导电，就必须“像”金属那样：成键电子必须能够自由流动，而不是与成键电子紧密
结合。
第1节翻译练习3
1.The longitudinal axis of the turbine generator is perpendicular to the axis of the steam generator.
2. In the right conditions, membranes are lf-asmbling.
3. Winding of the spring induces residual stress through bending.
3.转译为其他词
∇ Smoking detector located in each elevator lobby over the elevator call button.
每个电梯间的呼叫按钮上方有烟火探测器、
∇ The grouping of molecules around a given molecule change continually.
某个中心分子周围的分子组合却在不断地变化。
∇ Concrete slab paving will be provided throughout the enclod boiler area.
锅炉封闭部分全部采用混凝土平板地面。
第1节翻译练习4
1. If leakage occurs around output shaft, replace al and packing.
2. So they give off a stronger signal to nsitive radiation detectors mounted over the
subject's head.
三、省译
根据汉语的表达需要，英语中许多介词在汉译时可以省略不译。
∇ By itlf, concrete is only good at resisting compression, but it fails under tension.
混凝土本身只能抗压，不能抗拉。（省译可under）
∇ Adver to iron, mercury is in a liquid state at ordinary temperature.
水银与铁不同，在常温下是液态。（省译了in）
∇ The temperature in the combustion chamber was in excess of 2,000︒C degrees.
燃烧室中的温度超过了2,000︒C。（省译了in和of）
第1节翻译练习5
1. It is customary to u electromagnets rather than permanent magnets for the field.
2. This flat screen technology eliminates curvature on the screen surface.
3. al the charge on a conductor lies on its surface.
第2节介词短语的译法
英语里及物动词和介词后面都可以跟宾语。介词与其宾语一起构成短语，叫做介词短语。英语的介词短语在句子中可以充当状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语和主语补足语等。本节我们主要从介词短语作状语与介词短语作定语两个方面来探讨其特殊的翻译方法。
一、介词短语作状语时的译法
介词短语作状语时除了可以译为普通的状语外，还有如下一些特殊的译法。
1.译为状语从句
∇ Ordinary movements would be impossible without friction available.
如果没有摩擦力，常见的活动就不可能进行。（译为条件状语从句）
∇ The advantages are supplemented by addition of a high capacity booster blower for large throughput and deeper vacuums.
还有一个优点即加装一个高效的升压鼓风器，使其吞吐量增大并达到深度真空。（译为目的状语从句）
∇With the ba grounded, transistor Q4 is a very high impedance.
当基极接地时，晶体管Q4便成为一个非常高的阻抗。（译为时间壮语从句）
∇ The lithium atom, with 3 protons and neutrons, has an atomic weight of 7.
锂原子含有3个质子和4个中子，因此它的原子质量好似7.（译为原因状语从句）
第2节翻译练习1
1. For ea of asmbly and removal of the wheels, the outer races are press-fitted in the wheel hubs.
2. With the length much greater than its width, the coil is called a solenoid.
3. With only about half as many moving parts as a conventional engine, a Winkle id only half the size and weight, and almost completely vibration less.
4. Without an electric field applied, a dielectric atom is symmetrical.
5. Despite changes in the load, the voltage applied to it remains fairly constant.
6. For more information on the improvements we've made, scroll down to New Features & Functionality.
2. 译为句子的主语
介词短语在句子中作状语时，翻译时可翻译为汉语句子中的主语，这时英语的介词常被略去不译。如：
∇For small motors, a squirrel-cage rotor is ud.
有些小型的电动机使用鼠笼式转子。
∇ Some features of the nucleon structure emerge from the relations.
这些关系式展示了核子结构的某些特征。
∇ When ice changes into water, it does not expand. Instead, it becomes smaller in volume.
冰变成水时并不膨胀，相反，体积变小了。444as com
第2节翻译练习2
1. Singularity functions do not occur in physical systems.
2. A fair amount of theoretical and experimental work has been devoted at this agency to a better understanding of non-stationary aerodynamics.
3.译为汉语的并列分句
介词短语作状语表示转折或因果关系时，有时可以根据上下文转译为并列分句。如：∇ The low-pressure compressor has four stages of compression against the eight stages of the high pressure c
ompressor.
低压压缩机有4个压缩阶段，而高压压缩机有8个压缩阶段。
In a generator mechanical power is put in and electrical power is taken out, instead of electrical power going in and mechanical power coming out as in a motor .
在发电机中是输入机械能、输出电能，而在电动机中则是输入电能、输出机械能。
第2节翻译练习3
1.Animals are always losing carbon by respiration as against plants always gaining
carbon.
2.The most effective method of reducing friction is to u rolling friction instead of
sliding friction.
二、介词短语作定语时的译法
1．译为汉语的“的”字结构宫保鸡丁 英文>上海外教一对一
介词引导的介词短语在汉译时可以译为汉语的“的”字结构，在句子中也作定语，而且英语的介词常被略去不译。如：
The bearing capacity of a soll means the maximum load per unit area which the ground will safely support.
土体的承载力即是单位面积上地基所能安全承受的最大荷载。
An increa in final velocity is attainable by means of the multistage rocket.
最终速度的增加可借助多级火箭达到。
千玺出席青年论坛
Documents for the World Wide Web are written in HTML.
paint怎么读
万维网的文件是用HTML（超文本标记语言）编写而成的。
第2节翻译练习4
1．The shape of the electron spectrum in beta decay is not dominated by properties of the matrix elements.
2．Pressure in a liquid is at right angles to the walls of a container.
2．译为动宾结构的句式
of 引导的介词短语作定语（即“名词+of+名词”结构），并且of前的名词是由不及物动词派生出的名词时，of引导的介词短语与其翻译成汉语的“的”字结构，不如译为动宾关系的句式结构更符合汉语的表达习惯，请比较：新世界 日语
The basic dynamic variables are then the operators associated with the creation and annihilation of quanta.
基本动力学变数是与产生和消灭量子相联系的算符。（动宾结构）
基本动力学变数是与量子的产生和消灭相联系的算符。（“的”字结构）
Fluid sand process has found application in the production of large steel casting.
流态砂法已经用于生产大型钢铁铸件。（动宾结构）
流态砂法已经用于大型钢铁铸件的生产。（“的”字结构）
The choice of a suitable rubbing surface for frictional measurement is not always easy.
要选一个合适的摩擦面进行摩擦测定并不总是容易做到的。（动宾结构）
一个合适的摩擦面的选择进行摩擦测定并不总是容易做到的。（“的”字结构，但是译文不知所云）
第2节翻译练习5
1.hysteresis energy is a uful basis for the establishment of failure criteria in fatigue.
2.Physical chemistry applies the methods of physics to the study of chemical
systems.
第3节常用介词的译法
本节将重点讨论在科技英语里出现频率较高的、比较重要的18个介词：about, after, against, around, as , at, by, for, from, in, into, of, on, through, to, under, with和without。其中有些词还经常用作副词，为了全面介绍它们在科技英语中的翻译方法，书中没有另辟专门章
