The Marx family
Karl Heinrich Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany.
His father Heinrich Marx was a successful lawyer, a man on Enlightenment, an admirer of Voltaire
His paternal grandfather was Marx Levi, the rabbi of Trier, but died well before Karl was born and Heinrich converted to Lutheranism. (Secular family)
Education
1830-1835 Marx attended the high school in Trier and in 1835 was admitted to the University of Bonn, studied Greek and Roman mythology and became involved in student politics
1836 transferred to University of Berlin, to study law attended the lectures of Bruno Bauer, a disciple of Georg Hegel and belonged to “ young Hegelian” student radicals
Received his law degree at University of Jena in 1841
Georg Hegel
Hegel was a German philosopher who saw human history as the unfolding of human consciousness
Hegel’s philosophy
He characterizes the human condition as a state of alienantion, in which subject and object (initially formed a unity in the “Absolute Spirit) are parated from each other. This will be overcome by increasing lf-consciousness. The Hegelian system is a culmination of this process.
Bruno Bauer and Left Hegelians
Bruno Bauer was a young lecturer at the University of Berlin when Marx began his studies there. Marx attended his lectures and was greatly influenced by him. Bauer-forsh
adowing Ludwig Feuerbach-argued that Christianity was the product of human fantasies driven by man’s desire to overcome alienation.
Bauer was a leading figure of Left-Hegelians who turned the Hegelian method against Hegel. The “critical critics”（批评性的批评家） subject the system of Hegel itlf to critical scrutiny.
农村区域发展
Hegel was en as the Founding Father of critical theory. The esnce of critical theory is that it believes that the major task of philosophy is concerned with subject human consciousness to critical scrutiny. In other words, there is some discrepancy between human consciousness and human condition. Our consciousness does not reflect properly the human condition, and therefore we have to criticize consciousness and get the right consciouness.
改变自己英文
Immanuel Kant made a very interesting distinction between Ding an sich and Ding fur sich (things in themlves and things for themlves)
All the ideas what we have in our mind are things for themlves and they do not correspond to the world around us . The world around us is so rich that the concept what we develop cannot completely fit.That, in the act of cognition,when we try to understand something- we lect from the world stuff which is importanct for us. (things for themlves)
Kant is an agnostic.
Ludwig Feuerbach
谷歌翻译工具>responsible
Feuerbach,especially in his main work Das Wen des Christiantums (1841) went a step further than Bauer. He argues that rather than humans being the creations of the Absolute Spirit. The Absolute Spirit is the creation of humans.
He wants to replace Hegel’s idealism with naturalism. This becomes the inspiration for Marx’s “materialism”
His theory want to project the desperation of alienation into the idea of God. Feuerbach (
indiaontology)
Early career and marriage
1842 Marx begins to write in Colognefor the Rheinische Zeitung (eventually becomes editor), a liberal newspaper and he writes articles in defen of freedom of press and civil liberties.
In 1843 he marries after 7 years of engagement Jenny von Westphalen (1814-1881) who comes from an upper-class German family.
cable是什么意思
A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of the State
黑格尔批判哲学形态的贡献，黑格尔的哲学准则，权利
when i was 10 years oldOn the Jewish Question
9442Early in 1844 he completes “ A Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law. An Introduction. His first revolutionary work
By the Summer of 1844 he completes the Paris Manuscripts and meets Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) and they become friends and they begin to work on their first joint work” The Holy Family”, a critique of young Hegelians.
The “epistemological break”
cereals
April 1845: : Thes on Feuerbach”- the first statement of “historical materialism”
1845-1846: The German Ideology- when Marx turn from Hegelian idealism to historical materialism is now complete.
1848 Feburary The Communist Manifesto
Revolution in France, 1871 and the International
叉子的英语1864 Marx creates the International (later to be known as the First International ) with the Russian anarchist, Bakunin
