动词过去分词及独立主格结构的用法
一、过去分词的定义及其基本形式
1．过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式，过去分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特性，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。如：
（1）spoken English 英语口语（过去分词具有形容词的特性，作定语）
（2）Given more time, we could do it much better.
=If we were given more time, we could do it much better.
多给点时间，我们会做得更好些。
whassup（过去分词具有动词的特性，有自己的宾语more time，构成分词短语；过去分词
短语在句中作状语，具有副词的特性。）
2．过去分词的基本形式
（1）规则动词的过去分词由动词＋ed构成
利用英文
（2）不规则动词的过去分词须逐个记忆。
clo怎么读（3）不规则动词的过去分词表示完成，如：
fallen leaves =leaves whichhave fallen落叶
（4）及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成，如：
the machines ud in the workshop
=the machines whichare ud in the workshop
车间用的机器（及物动词的过去分词表示被动）
I heard the door opened.
=I heard the door has been opened.
我听见门被打开了。（及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成）
二、过去分词的句法功能
过去分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独做谓语。但它具有形容词和副词的特性，故在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
1.作定语
作定语用的过去分词如果是单个的词，就放在被修饰的词的前面；若为分词短语则放在所修饰的词的后面。如：
The excited children are opening their Christmas prents.
兴奋的孩子们正在打开他们的圣诞礼物。
Some of the people invited (=who have been invited) to the partycan’t come.
有些被邀请参加晚会的人不能来。
注意：（1）做定语用的过去分词通常指已完成的动作，若要表示现在进行的动作则要用过去分词的进行形式。
We must keep a cret of the things being discusd here.
=We must keep a cret of the things which are being discusd here.
我们必须对这里讨论的问题保密。
（2）如指未来的情况，都用不定式的被动形式。
He prepared some poemsto be recited at the English evening.
他准备了几首将在英语晚会上朗诵的诗。
例．The computer centre, ______ last year, is very popular among the stude n ts in this school.
A．open B．opening
C．having opened D．opened
答案：选D。过去分词短语作后置定语，相当于非限制性定语从句which was opene d.
2.作表语
Be prepared! 做好准备！
Everybody got excited about the boat trip.
大家对坐船游览倍感兴奋。
注意：“be＋过去分词”与被动语态的区别：
“be＋过去分词”表示状态；被动语态表示一个动作。如：
The bank is clod now.
银行现在已经关门了。（表状态）
He had been injured during the war.
aroundthecorner他是在战争中受伤的。（表动作）
3.作宾（主）语补足语
What made you so frightened?
什么使你这样惊恐？
He was found injured at the foot of a cliff.
他被发现在山岩脚下受了伤。me too什么意思
例．The managers discusd the plan that they would like to e ______ the next year.
A．carry out B．carrying out
C．carried out D．to carry out
答案：选C。过去分词短语在定语从句中作宾补。
4.作状语
1．Born into a peasant family (=As he was born into a peasant family), he had only two years of schooling.（由于）他出生于农民家庭，他只上了两年学。
2．United we stand, divided we fall.
=(If we are) United we stand and (If we are divided) we fall.
团结则存，分裂则亡。
3．We went home exhausted.
我们筋疲力尽地回到了家里。
4．分词有时和连词一起用，相当于状语从句的省略。
Robbie had arranged for this man to come whenever (he was) needed.
罗比已安排好，随时需要这人就可以来。
例．The child complained that the old man made no answer when _____ where he lived.
A．asking B．asked
C．to ask D．having asked
答案：选B。状语从句的省略when (he was) asked.
三、现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词与过去分词都能作表语、定语、状语和补语。
现在分词表示主动、进行；过去分词表示被动、完成。
1
（1）The film is very moving.
这部电影很感人。（表性质，主语本身怎样）
武汉日语培训
（2）My hair is sold and gone.
我的头发卖了，不见了。（表示状态“不复存在”）
例．Mrs. Bush stood _______ for a moment when an old soldier suddenly appea r ed before her.
A．surprid B．surprising
C．being surprid D．to be surpri
答案：选A。stood为半系动词，surprid意为“吃惊的”，表示stood的状态。
lacross2.作定语
有关长征的书售完了。
（2）The books written by Guo Jinming are popular with young people.
=The books whichwere written by Guo Jinming…
郭敬民写的书很受年青人的欢迎。
例．No computer so far ______ can have the same ability as human rights.
A．be builtB．having built
C．being built D．built
答案：选D。build与no computer之间存在被动关系。
3.作状语
分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。逻辑主语与分词是主动关系时用现在分词，是被动关系时，用过去分词。如：
Seeing from the top of the hill, we saw a beautiful school.
Seen from the top of the hill, the school is beautiful.
llss研究生考试成绩查询从山顶上看，这所学校很漂亮。
例．______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A．Losing B．Having lost
C．Lost D．To lo
答案：选C。“陷入沉思”用be lost in thought.
5.作宾补
四、常接过去分词作宾补的动词
ascorbicacid
1.使役动词
