独立主格结构 高中英语语法系列
计酬独立主格结构复习四要素
I. 基本概念
由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 基本构成形式及功能
独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为方式或伴随的情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。
1. 名词或代词主格+分词 metal
例:The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
2. 名词或代词主格+形容词
魂断蓝桥主题曲例:Computers being very small, we can u them widely. crazy电脑虽小,但用途却很广泛。
3. 名词或代词主格+不定式
例:The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会开始了。
4. 名词或代词主格+介词短语
例:Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.
我们的英语教师手里拿着试卷走进了教室。
5. 名词或代词主格+副词
例:The lights off, we could not go on the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
III. 独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同
1. 独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例(1));而分词短语转换为状语从句,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例(2))。
hanson例:(1)If time permits, we’d better have a holiday at weekends. 可转换为:
Time permitting, we’d better have a holiday at weekends.
如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
2)When we e from the hill, we can find the city more beautiful. 可转换为: Seeing
from the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看,我们发现城市更美了。flextronics
2. 还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着法则”(例(1));而如果一个分词结构在子句中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作“悬垂分词”(例(2))。
例:(1)Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷花费了警察很长一段时间。
(2)When planting the flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots. (人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。
IV. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
1. 有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯短语。这些短语有:生活大爆炸第七集Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从……判断,粉身碎骨的意思Supposing 假设,等等。
例:(1)托福报名费Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的说来,这个规则很容易懂。
(2)Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2. 有些固定词组是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些词组有:to be honest老实说,to be sure确实,to tell you the truth说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make the matter wor 更糟糕的是……,等等。
例:(1)To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
说实话,我犯了一次拼写错误。
(2)To make things wor, he left his key in the office.
更糟的是,他把钥匙丢在办公室里了。
英语中的独立主格结构归纳
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构。
一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。rigo
Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or later.
有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。(such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系)
= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He ating himlf at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事。(ating himlf at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he,注意是“主格”)
= When he ated himlf at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。(lost 的逻辑主语是the key,lost 也可以用完成式having been lost)
= Becau the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.