剑桥雅思真题解析阅读9(test3)
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剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test3)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are bad on Reading Passage 1 below.同声口译
健身私教培训班Attitudes to language
It is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions
can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.
Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticid. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language u is unfeelingly attacked.
In its most general n, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be impod on the whole of the speech community. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference to pronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the ‘standard’ written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most cloly reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write ‘correctly’; deviations from it are said to be ‘incorrect’.
All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of the early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of ttling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in order to ‘improve’ the language. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterized by its reliance on ‘rules’ of grammar. Some usages are ‘prescribed’, to be learnt and followed accurately; others are ‘proscribed’, to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.
The attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarized in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescri
be — to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the cond half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joph Priestley, who Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’. Linguistic issue, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modern linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.
In our own time, the opposition between ‘descriptivists’ and ‘prescriptivists’ has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been prented as people who do not care about standards, becau of the way they e all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have been prented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been prented in quasi-political terms — of radical liberalism vs elitist conrvatism.
Questions 1-8武汉枫叶国际学校
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerjs什么意思
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1 There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.asiq
2 People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.
3 Our asssment of a person’s intelligence is affected by the way he or she us language.
4 Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy in the 18th century.
5 Prescriptivism still exists today.
6 According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.
7 Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.
8 Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misreprented.
Questions 9-12smo
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.暮光之城男主角图片
The language debate
交通拥挤 英语According to 9______, there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10 ______.
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