附表1: 可数名词复数的规则变化 | |
1. 一般情况下,在名词词尾加s: | car-cars;book-books |
2. 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的可数名词,在词尾加es. 注意:以-th结尾,加-s | bus-bus ;box-boxes ;peach-peaches ;dish-dishes mouth-mouths;month-months; |
3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的可数名词,改y为i再加es. | dictionary-dictionaries; family-families;baby---babies; city-cities; country-countries |
4. 以f或fe结尾的可数名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。 | knife-knives ;leaf-leaves;wolf-wolves;wife-wives |
5. 以f或fe结尾的可数名词直接加s, 或变f或fe为v,再加es。 | handkerchief--handkerchiefs/handkerchieves;scarf--scarfs/scarves ; roof--roofs ;belief--beliefs ;gulf—gulfs;proof-proofs; |
6. 以y结尾的专有名词或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s, | monkey---monkeys;holiday---holidays ; |
7. 以o结尾的可数名词,词意是无生命的名词加can college 21s, 有生命的名词加什么是托收es. | photo--photos ;radio--radios; zoo--zoos ;video--videos ;piano-- pianos tomato--tomatoes; potato--potatoes; hero--heroes |
可数名词复数构成的不规则变化 | |
1. 元音发生变化 | man-men; woman-women; tooth-teeth; foot-feet; goo-gee |
2. 词尾发生变化 | child-children ;ox-oxen |
3. 单复数同形 | fish-fish;deer-deer;sheep-sheep;Chine-Chine; Japane-Japane;means-means |
4. 有些名词只有复数 mele | scissors ;trours ;sunglass |
5. 有些名词以s结尾,但作单数 | news ;maths; physics ;politics |
6. 各国人的复数形式:中日不变,英法变,其他s加后边 | Chine-Chine ;Japane-Japane Englishman-Englishmen; Frenchman-Frenchmen American-Americans ;Canadian-Canadians; Indian-Indiansbleed;German-Germans |
suit 附表2: 名词所有格的变化规则 | |
1. 不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s | Mike's watch; Women's Day |
2. 以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加 ’ | eachers' office;success什么意思students' rooms |
3. 两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加 ’s. | Tom and Mike's room |
4. 两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加 ’s. | Mary's and Jenny's bikes |
5. 可用介词of,to,for表示名词的所有格 | on a map of China, at the beginning of this game, the door of the room the key /entrance/exit/approach to… the reason for… |
6. 双重所有格 | a fiend of my mother's a picture of Tom's |
附表3: 动词三单式的变化规律则 | |
1. 一般情况下,动词后面直接加 -s. | work -works |
2. 以ch,sh,s,x 或 o 结尾的动词,在后面加 -es. | guess - guess, mix - mixes, go - goes, buzz - buzzes, finish - finishes, catch - catches |
3. 以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词,把 y变为 i, 再加 -es. | fly - flies, study - studies |
4. 以元音字母 + y结尾的动词,直接加 -s. | play-plays;destroy-destroys |
5. 个别不规则变化, | have - has, be - is |
附表4: 一般过去式的变化规则 | |
1、一般在动词末尾加-ed; | work—worked;play—played;want—wanted; ask—aske d |
2、结尾是e加d; | live—lived ;move—moved ;taste—tasted |
3、以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed, | stop—stopped;stop-stopped;ship- shipped;occur-occurred |
4、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i, 再加-ed;平安夜的英文 | study—studies;try—tried;copy—copied; carry—carried |
5、以“元音字母+y”结尾的,加-ed; | destroy- destroyed |
6、以“ic”结尾的,加k, 再加-ed; | picnic-picnicked;panic-panicked |
7、不规则动词过去式 | teach-taught; bring-brought; think-thought; fall-fell; hurt-hurt; break-broke; win-won; lo-lost; swim-swam |
附表5: 形容词变副词的规则 | |
1.一般情况下直接加“-ly”, | quick-quickly;sad-sadly;nice-nicely; wide-widely;wi-wily; |
2. 绝大多数辅音字母加e结尾的形容词直接加-ly | polite-politely;polite-politely; imediate-immediately;recent-recently |
3. 少数以ue结尾的形容词,去e再加-ly | true-truly;due-duly(预定的;到期的) |
4. 以“y”结尾的,且读音为/ i /,改“y”为way of life“i”,再加“-ly” | happy-happily;heavy-heavily; angry-angrily;busy-busily |
5. 以“y”结尾的,读音为/ ai /,直接加-ly | dry-dryly;shy---shyly |
5. 以ic结尾的词,先加-al,再加ly | economic-economically;basic-basically; scientific-scientifically;automatic-automatically; energetic-energetically;specific-specifically 但public-publicly例外 |
6. 以辅音字母加le结尾时,去e加-y | simple-simply; terrible-terribly ;gentle-gently; possible-possibly; probable-probably; |
7. 以元音字母加le结尾时,加-ly | sole-solely(仅有的; 唯一的) 但whole-wholly例外 委托翻译 |
8. 以-ll结尾时,只须加–y | dull-dully;shrill-shrilly(刺耳的;尖厉的) |
10. 有些以ly结尾的词是形容词而非副词 | friendly;motherly;lovely;monthly;manly |
附表6: 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级变化规则 | |
1.一般单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est; | small→smaller→smallest; short→shorter→shortest; all→taller→tallest ; great→greater→greatest; clever→cleverer→cleverest; narrow→narrower→narrowest |
2.以不发音e结尾的单音节词,比较在原级后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st; | large→larger→largest; nice→nicer→nicest ; able→abler→ablest |
3.在重读闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est; | big→bigger→biggest; hot→hotter→hottest; fat→fatter→fattest |
4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est; | easy→easier→easiest ; heavy→heavier→heaviest; busy→busier→busiest ; happy→happier→happiest |
5.其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most; | beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful; different→more different→most different; easily→more easily→most easily |
6.有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记. | good→better→best ; well→better→best bad→wor→worst; ill→wor→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most; little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest |
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