TED提⾼批判性思维的5个步骤
视频介绍
每天，决策之海摆在我们⾯前，不可能每次都做出完美的选择。但是有很多⽅法可以提⾼我们的机会——⼀种特别有效的技术是批判性思维。萨曼莎·阿古斯（Samantha Agoos）描述了⼀个5步骤的过程，这也许可以帮助你解决许多问题。
演讲者：Samantha Agoos
⽚长：12: 31
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Every day, a a of decisions stretches before us. Some are small and unimportant, but others have a larger impact on our lives — for example,
⽆时不刻，我们都在做各种各样的决定，有些微不⾜道，有些则对我们的⼀⽣都有很⼤影响。⽐如说，
‘Which politician should I vote for?’; ‘Should I try the latest diet craze?’; or ‘Will email make me a millionaire?’ Below, Samantha Agoos explains 5 tips to improve your critical thinking.
我该投票给哪个政客？要不要试试最新的减肥⾷谱？或是，这封电邮会让我成为百万富翁吗？
We’re bombarded with so many decisions that it’s impossible to make a perfect choice every time. But, there are many ways to improve our chances — and one particularly effective technique is critical thinking.
我们被⼤量的决定围攻着，很多时候都没法做出最好的决定。但还有很多提⾼正确⼏率⽅法，其中最有效的⽅法之⼀就是批判性思维。
This is a way of approaching a question that allows us to carefully deconstruct a situation, reveal its hidden issues —such as bias and manipulation — and make the best decision. If the critical part sounds negative, that’s becau, in a way, it is.
这种解决问题的思维⽅式，能让我们更仔细地分析形势，发现隐藏的问题，⽐如⼀些偏见和操纵，并作出更好的选择。如果你觉得“批判性”有点⼉否定意味，那正说明它在起作⽤。
Rather than choosing an answer becau it ‘feels right’, a person who us critical thinking subjects all available options to scrutiny and skepticism. Using the tools at their disposal, they’ll eliminate everything but the most uful and reliable information.
⼀个具有批判性思维的⼈，不会因为哪个听起来不错就选哪个，⽽会仔细审查每⼀个选择，并抱有怀疑态度。他们会⽤⼀切⼿段排除其他选项，只留下最有⽤最有⽤、最值得信赖的信息。
There are many different ways of approaching critical thinking, but here’s one 5 step process that may help you solve any number of problems:
有很多运⽤批判性思维的⽅法，这⾥讲的⽅法，只需五步，可以帮你解决各种问题。
1: Formulate your question. In other words, know what you’re looking for. This isn’t always as straightforward as it sounds. For example, if you’re deciding whether to try out the newest diet craze, your reasons for doing so may be obscured by other factors — like claims that you’ll e results in just two weeks.
第⼀：明确你的问题。换句话说，知道你想要什么。这有时并不如想象中的直接，⽐如说，你在考虑尝试最近流⾏的饮⾷⽅法，这种⽅法声称”两周内就能看到效果” 你的初衷可能被其它因素⽽遮盖。
But, if you approach the situation with a clear view of what you’re actually trying to accomplish by dieting — whether that’s weight loss, better nutrition, or having more energy — that’ll equip you to sift through this information critically, find what you’re looking for, and decide whether the new fad really suits your needs.
但如果你⾯对选择时有更明晰的观点，你真正想要通过这个饮⾷⽅法达到什么效果——为了减重也好，为了更均衡的营养也好，或是为了更有活⼒，就使你更批判地筛选信息，从⽽找到你真正想要的答案，决定这个点⼦是否能真正符合你的需要。
2: Gather your information. There’s lots of it out there, so having a clear idea of your question will help you determine what’s relevant.
第⼆：搜集信息。信息⽆所不在，所以明晰你的问题可以帮你决定哪些信息是有⽤的。
If you’re trying to decide on a diet to improve your nutrition, you may ask an expert for their advice, or ek other people’s testimonies. Information gathering helps you weigh different options, moving you clor to a decision that meets your goal.
如果你想通过饮⾷⽅式来摄取更多营养，你可以咨询下营养师，或是向他⼈寻求经验。搜集帮助你权衡不同⽅案，使你做出更接近⽬标的决定。
3: Apply the information — something you do by asking critical questions. Facing a decision, ask yourlf, ‘what concepts are at work?’‘What assumptions exist?’‘Is my interpretation of the information logically sound?’
第三：运⽤信息，可以通过问关键性问题对信息加以运⽤。⾯对⼀个选择时，问问⾃⼰ “哪些概念要⽤到？” “存在⼏种假设？” “我对信息的解读符合逻辑吗？”
For example, in an email that promis you millions, you should consider: ‘what is shaping my approach to this situation?’‘Do I assume the nder is telling the truth?’‘Bad on the evidence, is it logical to assume I’ll win any money?’
⽐如，⼀个邮件声称能让你成为百万富翁，你可以考虑下⾯⼏个问题：“什么因素决定我对此做出判断？” “我认为发件⼈说的是实话吗？” “从现实来看，我有可能赢钱吗？”
4: Consider the implications. Imagine it’s election time, and you’ve lected a political candidate bad on their promi to make it cheaper for drivers to fill up on gas. At first glance, that ems great.
第四，考虑后果及影响。想象⼀下现在是⼤选期，你选择⽀持⼀个候选⼈是因为他承诺要让汽油更便宜。初听上去还不错。
But what about the long-term environmental effects? If gasoline u is less restricted by cost, this could also cau a huge surge in air pollution—an unintended conquence that’s important to think about.
但长期来讲会对环境造成什么影响？如果不⽤⾼价限制汽油的使⽤，⼤⽓污染将变得极其严重，⽽这是必须考虑的⼀个意外后果。
5: Explore other points of view. Ask yourlf why so many people are drawn to the policies of the opposing political candidate. Even if you disagree with everything that candidate says,
第五：了解其他观点。问问⾃⼰为什么那么多⼈被对⽅候选⼈政策吸引。即使你⼀点都不认同那个候选⼈所说的，
exploring the full spectrum of viewpoints might explain why some policies that don’t em valid to you appeal to others. This will allow you to explore alternatives, evaluate your own choices, and ultimately help you make more informed decisions.
你也要探究他的⼀系列观点，弄清楚为什么他的政策你觉得没⽤，但别⼈喜欢。你就让你能进⼀步探究其他选择，衡量你⾃⼰的选项，最后做出更好的决定。
你⾃⼰的选项，最后做出更好的决定。
This five-step process is just one tool, and it certainly won’t eradicate difficult decisions from our lives. But, it can help us increa the number of positive choices we make.
这五个步骤仅仅是⼯具，也不可能完全消除我们所⾯对的难题。但却可以帮我们做出更多更好的决定。
Critical thinking can give us the tools to sift through a a of information and find what we’re looking for. And, if enough of us u it, it has the power to make the world a more reasonable place.
批判性思维⽅式能帮我们筛选信息，找到我们真正想要的。⽽且如果更多的⼈具备批判性思维的能⼒，这个世界将变得更加理性。
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