段落间的关系
一、一些常见的逻辑顺序：
说明：本人由于不小心在网站上看到了所谓的ascending order或者是climactic order，然后发现它和我们固有的一些思维由所冲突，我就几乎找遍了能搜到的类似的网站，我搜索到以下论据：
关于权重排序的资料：
●支持论据１：
Climactic Order (Order of Importance)
A third common principle of organization is climactic order or order of importance. In this pattern, items are arranged from least important to most important. Typical transitions would include more important, most difficult, still harder, by far the most expensive, even more damaging, wor yet, and so on. This is a flexible principle of organization, and may guide the organization of all or part of example, comparison & contrast, cau & effect, and description.
A variation of climactic order is called psychological order. This pattern or organization grows from our l
earning that readers or listeners usually give most attention to what comes at the beginning and the end, and least attention to what is in the middle. In this pattern, then, you decide what is most important and put it at the beginning or the end; next you choo what is cond most important and put it at the end or the beginning (whichever remains); the less important or powerful items are then arranged in the middle. If the order of importance followed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, with 5 being most important, psychological order might follow the order 4, 3, 1, 2, 5.
Still other principles of organization bad on emphasis include
general-to-specific order,
specific-to general order,
most-familiar-to-least-familiar,
simplest-to-most-complex,
order of frequency,
order of familiarity, and so on.
对应连接词：
more importantly; best of all; still wor; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly
●支持论据２：
In a historically-oriented paper (e.g. "The Early Conquests of Alexander the Great"), you might simply want to move the paper along chronologically.
In an analysis of issues related to a topic, you can follow an ascending or climactic order, looking at smaller factors or arguments first, then moving up to the more crucial factors. Your last ction could begin, "The most rious difficulty with…,
however, is…" Ascending or climactic order adds power to a paper by leading the reader into increasing tension, much like an action movie builds to a climax. Resist giving away the most exciting parts of your paper early on –if you u up the good stuff early, you’ll have little left to keep the reader interested in the rest of what you have to say.
If you are comparing or contrasting two or more viewpoints, there are basically two ways to go about
it.
If the two views you are discussing are relatively simple to explain and analyze, try a longitudinal method by which you discuss all aspects of view A and then moved on to discuss all aspects of view B. Suppo, for example, you were dealing with two views on the issue of cloning –Go Ahead and Wait A Minute –What Do You Think You’re Doing?
Your outline might look like this:
Introduction
The Go Ahead Position
All Science is Legitimate.
We Can Trust Scientists Not To Put Us At Risk.
The Benefits Outweigh The Risks.
The Wait A Minute Position
Is all Science Legitimate?
Can We Trust Scientists Not To Put Us At Risk?
Do The Benefits Outweigh The Risks?
Conclusion
You can e that we are prenting one position, then using the other position to deal with the arguments of the disnting position. Thus the Go Ahead Position will be described as objectively as possible. The analysis will come with The Wait A Minute Position.
But suppo that the arguments are gettin g complicated, and you’re afraid your reader will have forgotten what the first position said about the legitimacy of science before you have time to discuss it in the cond position. In a complex situation, you’ll need a cross-ctional approach, which deals with both sides of each sub-topic in turn:
Introduction
Is All Science Legitimate?
Yes
Maybe not
Can We Trust The Scientists?
Yes
Not always
Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?
Yes
Maybe not
Conclusion
Now you have the chance to deal with both sides of each issue in turn. By the time you get to your conclusion, your reader should have a cumulative understanding of the issues and of the reasons for your position.
Avoid stringing out a list of 7 or more headings without subheadings, becau this tends to damage the unity and coherence of your paper (just like leading someone down a winding path creates more confusion than leading the same person down a short city block with sights to e on all sides). How do you cover the ground without multiplying your outline headings? You do it by using fewer main headings and adding subheadings to them. Thus you group your points, arguments, etc. under 3 or 4 main categories and let subheadings pick up the detail. This makes a tighter structure that has more of a chance of achieving unity in the paper. See the outlines above for examples of uful ways to do this.
●支持论据３：
After you have formed your dominant impression into a thesis, make a plan to organize the relevant supporting details into three basic parts. Each part will compri one Roman numeral of your outline and one paragraph of the body of your paper. For the dingy cafe, you might u the walls, the booths, and the counter as the three parts in climactic order, that is, ascending from least to most important. You will not outline your introductory paragraph since the thesis ntence that appears in this first paragraph also appears on the outline page, nor will you outline your concluding paragraph since it summarizes or re-emphasizes the material that you have already discusd.
●支持论据４：
Logical Order: The Key to Coherent Paragraphs and Essays
It is very important to prent information to readers in a logical order. Order your examples in a paragraph, for instance, from least to most important. Be sure to u appropriate transitions (first, then, finally) in order to guide your reader.
Another way to organize is by cau and effect: if A caud B, discuss A first, then B.
Still another way is to organize by problem then solution. State the problem first, then give your propod solution.
Remember: Out of order paragraphs and essays are hard to read and understand.
●反例一：
DECREASING ORDER OF IMPORTANCE: when you want to tell your readers that something new has happened and why they should be interested -- then fill them in on the details INCREASING COMPLEXITY: a quence that leads your readers gently into a complex subject
STEPS OF A PROCESS: when you want to focus on a process itlf, not the end result A SPATIAL SEQUENCE: when you want your reader to e the way different aspects of your subject are spatially interrelated or lie in contrast
A TEMPORAL SEQUENCE: for emphasizing the time relations among things or events
●反例２：
●反例３：
∙Messages are clear, preci, and free of errors
∙Correct, complete ntences are ud and are varied, smooth, and polished ∙There are no mechanical, grammatical, or word usage errors
∙ A businesslike, courteous, and professional tone is maintained with language that is highly consistent with standard business English ∙The writing style flows smoothly
∙The information is prented in a logical order; for example, the writer may rearrange the information so that the important part comes first
●反例４：you have for each in a logical order and one that most effectively
organizes your argument:
Most important to least important
Least important to most important
Compare and Contrast
Cau and Effect
反例5：
A possible outline template for an analytical paper
This is for an essay that happens to have three main answers, again listed in ascending order as in our argumentative paper template. How you order them will entirely depend on which ones you feel, given all the evidence, are the most or least convincing. If we take our rearch question example from before, perhaps the first answer would be from rearchers who believe music has no effect on studying, the cond about studies that show how detrimental it is, and the third one pointing out the positive aspects. In your conclusion, you might point out how certain conditions (e.g., abnce of lyrics, tempo, volume, type of studying student is engaged in etc.) appear to be incredibly important.
Working Title (*optional here. You may want to wait until after your first draft) Introductory Paragraph
∙What do I need to say to t up my rearch question? Background?
∙Rearch Question (stated within a ntence, not as a question. E.g., "In light of à.., it ems worthwhile to consider just what the effects ofà.are onà.") _________________________
∙(You may want to outline what's to come below briefly)
Transition (you don't have to write the out now but you should know what they'd roughly be)
· Answer #3 = _________________________
∙one possible answer to the question + explication/summary
∙strengths and weakness of the position
Transition
Reason #2 = _________________________
∙another possible answer + explication/summary (especially how it address weakness of the previous paragraph or completely counters it). Transition
Reason #1 = _________________________
∙best answer so far ˆ what does it say?
∙why is it a better consideration of the rearch question? Or is it really? Transition
Concluding Paragraph
∙sum up what different angles have shown re: rearch question
∙critically evaluate what is still needed in the field, or if you looked at three equally strong cas, analyze why one is still more convincing ∙look at the implications
通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１．并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证
