1.3 Intercultural communication:
♦Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is ud to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.
♦Intercultural communication is sometimes ud synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this n it eks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. As a parate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact.
♦Aside from language, intercultural communication focus on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the ba for international business.
♦Communicating in a new culture means learning what to say, who to communicate with, who you are, how you communicate the message, why you communicate in a given situation, when to comm
unicate, and where you can or should communicate.
♦Language is part of a culture. Translation is a kind of cross-cultural communication. Language is a substantial but partial reflection of a culture, culture being defined here as the total range of activities and ideas and their materials expression in objects and process peculiar to a group of people, as well as their particular environment. Language is also universal and individual. Translation is always more or less possible becau of the universal and the culturally overlapping constituents of language one will offer you the ideal site. (Zhengzhou Yellow River Sighteing Zone)
Part 2 A Glimp of Chine Culture
Chapter 1 Philosophy and Religions
1.1 The Development of Ancient Chine Philosophy
1.1.1 The philosophy in pre-Qin times
♦A hundred schools of thought contend(百家争鸣）
♦Confucianism: reprented by Confucius and Mencius. The school takes the teachings of Confuciu
s as its core of thought and regards the words and deeds of Confucius as its highest code of behavior. It advocates benevolence and justice, allegiance and forbearance(仁义忠恕), the doctrine of the Golden Mean (中庸: way of wisdom of the
Confucian school, which advocates impartiality, reconciliation and compromi in one’s approach to people or matters)and values the ethical relations of men. It emphasizes the importance of family and societal order.
♦Taoism: is a school of thought founded by Laozi and Zhuangzi. The school advocates the doctrine that the Dao is the cour, the principle, the substance, and the standard of all things, to which all people must conform. Bad on the work of Lao Zi or Dao De Jing (道德经),Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble. With proper behavior and lf-restraint, a person can achieve great inner strength and a prolonged life.
♦The school favors the political principle of “ achieving good government through non-action”.
♦Mohism, bad on the teachings of Mo Zi, cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved each other, there would be no hatred, calamities(灾难), and hostilities. In p
olitics and ethics Mohism advocates honoring virtuous people, opposing fatalism(宿命论) and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness and simple funerals.
♦Legalism, begun by Han Feizi, espous(主张) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence(富裕)，waging（发动）wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy(官僚制度). The legalists also hold that contradiction is prent everywhere, and the two sides of a contradiction are changeable.
♦1.1.2 The orthodox philosophy during the Han dynasty(两汉经学)
♦1.1.3 Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties(魏晋玄学)
♦1.1.4 The Buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties（隋唐佛学）
♦1.1.5 Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties: the school of Principle( 理学) reprented by Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi; the School of Mind(心学) by Wang Shouren and Lu Jiuyuan.（宋明理学）
♦1.1.6 Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties(明清实学）
♦1.2 The basic features of ancient Chine philosophy
♦Stress on Spiritual exsistence Stress on Practice Stress on Morality Stress on Harmony: Stress on intuition
1.3 Characteristics of Chine Ethics and Morality
♦Ethics is the moral principle for dealing with people. Morality is a social ideology which rves as the norms for people’s lives and behaviors.
♦The three obediences and four virtues(三从四德): to father before marriage, to husband
after marriage, and to son after becoming a widow. Morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligence
♦The three basic rules and five constant virtues: a king should rule over his subjects, a father, his son; a husband, his wife. Benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and fidelity.
♦1.3.1 Seeking harmony and maintaining equilibrium(平衡)
♦To Chine people, harmony is a powerful word. There is nothing it cannot absorb and nothing it cannot cover. Harmony eks peace, compromi, concord(一致), and unison(调和). Maintaining equilibrium is the ultimate purpo of harmony.
♦1.3.2 Collectivism over individualism
♦Traditional Chine values attach great importance to collective interest. The interest of the society, the country and the family has always been given top priority, while that of the locality, the part, or the individual is sometimes ignored. An individual’s value can be realized only within society as a whole, as that is the groundwork of one’s existence.
♦1.3.3 Spiritual life over material life
♦Chine people advocate morality in their behavior. Self-cultivation in morals is emphasized, and is considered to be more important that one’s material pursuits. This is fully characterized by showing filial obedience, being amiable(友善的) to others, respecting ordinary people and appreciating moral conduct.
2. Chine Religions
♦2.1 The Taoist Religion
♦Lu Xun once said: “ The Chine roots are deep in Taoism . If one tries to comprehend Chine history and culture, he must first comprehend Taoism and the Taoist religion.”
♦It evolved out of witchcraft and necromancy and lf-cultivation techniques. Its highest belief is called Dao and its bible is Do De Jing by Lao Zi.
♦Taoist temples: Three Pure Gods(三清) of Jade Pure（玉清）who has a pearl within his fingers, Upper Pure（上清）who holds the univer in his arms and Great Pure（太清）who has a feather fan in his hand.
♦Eight Immortals in the Taoist religion: “When the Eight Immortals cross the a, each demonstrates his\her divine power(八仙过海各显神通)
The most sacred Taoist mountain- Dragon-Tiger Mountain: is the birthplace of the Taoist religion and a key scenic and tourist resort located at the southwestern suburb
of Yingtan, Jiangxi province.
♦2.2 Buddhism
♦Buddhism originated in India in the 6th century BC. Sakyamuni is said to be the founder of Buddhism. It was first introduced into China in the first century and has always co-existed with Confucianism and Taoism.
♦The theory of Buddhism is bad on the theory of samsara(轮回)，meaning that living beings orbit around the six spheres of heaven, hell and earth, just like an ever-turning wheel. The path of a Buddhist is to achieve enlightenment.
♦The cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy is the view that all life is suffering. Hence, the doctrine of Four Noble Truths(四谛)：life is suffering, the cau of suffering is desire, the answer is to quench(抑制)desire, and the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path(八正道), which consists of right knowledge, right thought, right speech, right behavior, right livelihood, right mindfulness and right concentration.
Buddhist temples
♦It includes pagodas, temples and grottoes
♦The Four Heavenly Kings ,the statue of Maitreya(Laughing Buddha) ,The Great Buddha Hall, the Eighteen Arhats
♦The first Buddhist temple-the White Hor temple
♦Mountains
♦Wutai, Emei, Putuo and Jiuhua are accepted as the four sacred Buddhist mountains in China.
♦2.3 Islam
♦Islam was founded by the Arabic prophet(先知) Muhammad and was introduced into China in the ven century. For people of Islamic faith, there is only one god, Allah.
♦The Arabic word “ Islam” simply means “ submission and obedience” . The word “Islamic” in Chine literally means “pure and sincere(清真)”. A mosque is called Qingzhen temple which is always a high-domed building with sweeping arches, flowing arabesques(藤蔓花纹)and towering minarets(高耸的尖塔).
♦The locations in the country.
Chapter 2 Arts
1. Calligraphy and Painting
♦ 1. 1 Calligraphy
♦
♦Strokes of Chine character
♦Five categories of Chine scripts: the al form(篆书), the official form（隶书）, the cursive form（草书）, the regular form （楷书）and the running form（行书）.
♦1.2. Painting have the same origin as calligraphy(书画同源)
♦Chine traditional painting refers to ink-wash painting(水墨画)：
♦Mural painting(壁画)
♦Wood-cut block print(木刻版画)
♦1.3. Four treasures of the Study(文房四宝)
♦Calligraphy tools- brush, ink, paper and ink stone. Each of the items is reprented by the Hu brush(湖笔)，Hui ink stick(徽墨), Xuan paper(宣纸)，and Duan ink stone(端砚).
2. Traditional Operas
♦Chine opera, together with Greek tragedy and comedy, and the Indian Sanskrit(印度佛教剧)are t
he three most ancient forms of drama in the world. Of the three, Chine opera is the only remaining living form.
♦2.1 Beijing Opera
♦Towards the end of the 18th century, folk singers of Anhui and Hubei provinces , who were performing in Beijing at the time, created Beijing Opera by borrowing some of the plays, tunes, and acting skills and by absorbing some of their folk music and tunes from Kunqu Opera and Shaanxi Opera.
♦Singing, recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting(唱念做打)are the four artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing Opera.
♦Sheng, dan, jing, and chou
♦The characters of Beijing Opera are classified according to x, age, disposition, profession, and social status.
♦Facial make-up and costumes
2.2 Other major traditional Chine operas
♦Kunqu opera：is known for its gentle and clear vocals, beautiful and refined tunes, and dance-like stage performances. The Youth Version of the Peony Pavilion (青春版牡丹亭)
♦Shaanxi Opera（秦腔）
♦Is actually more of local yodeling(真假嗓音互换)
♦Chuan opera （川剧）: face changes
♦Yue Opera(越剧）
♦Huangmei Opera
♦Yue Opera（粤剧）
♦Yu Opera（豫剧）
3. Folk Performing Arts
♦Acrobatics（杂技）
♦Quyi: Cross-talk, clapper talk(快板)，storytelling（评书）xiaopin, shuanghuang（双簧）
♦Puppet Show(木偶戏)
