: {Edward. 7. <The silence of language>标志着“跨文化交流”学科的开始} Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water line). Likewi, nine-tenths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above the water is easy to be noticed. The out-of-awareness part is sometimes called “deep culture”. This part of the cultural iceberg is hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dress, how to keep healthy；Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emotion, attitude personalty
:定型主义 a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we u to categorize a group of people.
: 民族中心主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard.
: Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.
values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and fal, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity.
: A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the univer, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”.
Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itlf is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who rai you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world.
: refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.
: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbal and nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purpoful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do.
of communication process:交流过程的基本原理
（1）.context: The interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context.
（2）.The participants: in communication play the roles of nder and receiver, sometimes—as in face-to-face communication—of the messages simultaneously.
（3）. messages: are far more complex. They include the elements of meanings, symbol
s, encoding and decoding.
（4）. A channels: is both the route traveled by the messages and the means of transportation. We may u sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of the to carry a message.
（5）. noi: is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of meaning. External noi: sight, sound…Internal noi: thoughts, feeling…Semantic noi: unintended meaning aroud by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding.
（6）.Feedback: As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal respon. This respon, called feedback, tells the nder whether the massage has been heard, en, or understood.
Mslow (亚伯拉罕?马斯洛) –five basic needs五个需求
1. physiological needs—food, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustai
n life
2. safety needs—physically safe, psychologically cure
3. belongingness needs—accepted by other people and needs to belong to a group or groups. 4. esteem needs—recognition, respect, reputation 5. lf-actualization needs-the highest need of a person
Dimensions 文化维度
| China | America |
Individualism 个人 VS Collectivism集体 | CDX: obligation to the group, dependence of the individual on organizations and insitutions, a “we” consciousness, an emphasis on belonging. Eg. Pakistan, West Afeican outgroup | IDX: independence, privacy, lf, the all important I. eg. Australia, the Netherlands, the United States ingroup |
Uncertainty avoidance 避免不确定性 | Low-UAIs: in tolerating people, in taking risks, trying new things. Eg. Denmark, Jamaica, Ireland, Singapore | High UAIs: not tolerate disnt, ensure certainty and curity through extensive t of rules, regulations, and rituals. Eg. Greece, Guatemala, Portugal |
Power distance权力距离 | High-PDIs: the actions of authorities, social hierarchy. Eg. Guatemala, Malaysia, The Philippines | Low-PDIs: using power only for legitimate purpo. Eg. Australia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Israel |
Masculinity阳刚 VS femininity柔美 | High-MAS: believe in achievement and ambition in judging people on the basis of their performance; in the right to display the material goods that they have been acquired. Eg. Australia, Italy, Japan, Mexico | Low-MAS: believe less in external achievements and shows of manliness; more in the importance of life choices that improve intrinsic aspects of the quality of life. Eg. Chile, Portugal, Sweden, Thailand |
Long-term 长期 VS 短期 Short-term orientation | Long-term: life value social order and long-range goals; admire persistence, thriftiness, humility; a n of shame; status differerces within interpersonal relationships. | Short-term: changing event have a deep appreciation for tradition, personal steadiness and stability, maintaining the “face” of lf and others, immediate gratification of one’s needs |
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