第4章教案设计与书写
4.1 复习笔记
本章要点：
1. The significance of lesson planning
课程计划的重要性
2. Principles for good lesson planning
做好课程计划的准则
3. Macro planning vs. micro planning
宏观计划和微观计划
4. Components of a lesson plan
课程计划的构成因素
5. Sample lesson plans
课程计划的样本
本章考点：
课程计划的重要性；做好课程计划的准则；宏观计划和微观计划；课程计划的构成因素；课程计划的样本。
本章内容索引：
Ⅰ. The significance of lesson planning
1. Definition of lesson planning
2.The necessity of lesson planning for teachers
3. Benefits of lesson planning
Ⅱ. Principles for good lesson planning
Ⅲ. Macro planning vs. micro planning
1. Two levels of lesson planning
2. The advantage of a concrete teaching plan
Ⅳ. Components of a lesson plan
1. Background information
2. T eaching aims
3. Language contents and skills
4. Stages and procedures
5. T eaching aids
6. End of lesson summary
7. Optional activities and assignments
8. After lesson reflection
Ⅴ. Sample lesson plans
Ⅵ. Conclusion
Ⅰ. The significance of lesson planning（课程计划的重要意义）1. Definition of lesson planning课程计划的定义
Lesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be ud in the class.
课程计划就是提前决定在课堂上使用什么技巧、材料、进行什么活动。
A lesson plan is a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decisions about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it.
课程计划是老师为实现所期望的教学效果而提前做的计划。
2. The necessity of lesson planning for teachers课程计划对教师的必要性
Proper lesson planning is esntial for both novice/beginner and experienced teachers.
不管是对于新老师还是经验丰富的老师，备课都很有必要。
There is a common misconception that experienced teachers do not need to do lesson planning becau they are already very familiar with what they are teaching and how they teach.
有观点误认为经验丰富的教师不需要做课程计划，因为他们熟悉教学内容和教学方法。
All experienced teachers would agree that they need to plan their lessons simply becau no teaching/learning situation is really static. Social and educational circumstances change, views of methodology change, and resources available change.
经验丰富的老师认为备课有必要，因为教学过程不是静止的。社会和教育环境、教学法、可用的教学资源都在变化。
3. Benefits of lesson planning课程计划的益处
Language teachers benefit from lesson planning in a number of ways:
语言教师从备课中获益很多：
①A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.
明确课堂目标和内容。
②It helps teachers distinguish the various stages of a lesson and e the relationship between them so that the activities of different difficulty levels can be arranged properly and the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.
区分一门课程的不同阶段，并明白不同阶段之间的关系，依次适当安排活动。
③Proper lesson planning gives teachers the opportunity to anticipate potential problems that may ari in class so that they can be prepared with some possible solutions or other options for the lesson.
预期课堂上可能出现的问题与解决办法。
④Good planning gives teachers, especially novice teachers, confidence in class. 为老师，尤其是新老师增加在课堂上的自信。
⑤When planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed for the lesson.
清楚课上所需教学用具。
⑥Planning is a good practice and a sign of professionalism.
备课是专业精神的体现。
⑦The plan will enable the teacher to improve class timing. The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phas with greater accuracy.
把握课程进度，精确掌握所处的课程阶段。
⑧Lesson plans are also an aid to continuing development.
对持续发展有帮助。
⑨After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan, identifying
tho parts which went well and tho which were less successful.
课程结束，教师可根据每个阶段的进展程度进行课程评价。
Ⅱ. Principles for good lesson planning（做好课程计划的准则）
Lessons may have different focus. The actual content of any lesson will depend on what the teacher aims to achieve for the lesson, what type of students they have and what kind of teaching situation they are in. There are five major principles behind good lesson planning: aim, variety, flexibility, learnability, and linkage.
课堂的侧重点可以不同。课堂内容取决于教师想要达到的教学目标、学生的类型、以及教学情境。
好课程计划的5个准则：
Aim means the realistic goals for the lesson. Aims are not the things teachers intend to do during the lesson, but the things that students are able to do by the end of the lesson.
目标：有实际的学习目标，即课堂结束后，学生实际应掌握的能力。
Variety means planning a number of different types of activities and where possible, introducing students to a wide lection of materials so that learning is
always interesting, motivating and never monotonous for the students.
多样：设计多种不同的课堂活动、多样的教学材料，使学习有趣、有激励性。
Flexibility means planning to u a number of different methods and techniques rather than being a slave to one methodology. This will make teaching and learning more effective and more efficient.
灵活：使用一些不同的教学方法和技巧，使教与学更有效。
Learnability means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capability of the students. Of cour things should not be too easy either. Doing things that are beyond or below the students’coping ability will diminish their motivation.
易学性：计划的内容与任务应在学生的学习能力范围内。高于或低于学生的学习能力范围都会影响学生的学习动机。
Linkage means the stages and the steps within each stage are planned in such a way that they are someway linked with one another.
联系性：各阶段应该是被这样或那样的方法联系起来的。
Ⅲ. Macro planning vs. micro planning（宏观计划和微观计划）
1. Two levels of lesson planning课程计划的两个层面
The former is planning over a longer period of time, for instance, planning for a whole programme or a whole-year cour. The latter is planning for a specific unit or a lesson, which usually lasts from one to two weeks or forty to fifty minutes respectively.
