4.1. Affixation (Derivation)词缀法 —— the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. (derivative派生词)
According to their position, affixation falls into: prefixation and suffixation.
4.1.1. Prefixation —— the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. It does not change the word-class of the stem but change its meaning.
1. Negative prefixes – a- (abnormal), dis- (disobey), in- (il-, ir-, im-) (injustice), non- (non-smoker), un- (unwilling) un- are the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adj.
2. Reversative prefixes – de- (decentralize), dis- (disunite), un- (unwrap)
3. Pejorative prefixes – mal- (maltreat), mis- (mistrust), pudo- (pudo-science)
4. Prefixes of degree or size – arch- (archbishop), extra-(extra-strong), hyper-(hyperactive), macro- (macrocosm), micro- (microcomputer), mini- (mini-election), out- (outlive), over- (overweigh), sub- (subheading), super- (superfreeze), sur- (surtax), ultra- (ultra-conrvative), under-(underdeveloped)
5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude – anti- (anti-nuclear), contra- (contraflow), counter-, pro-(pro-student)
6. Locative prefixes – extra- (extraordinary), fore- (forehead), inter- (inter-city), intra- (intra-party), tele-, trans-
7. Prefixes of time and order – ex- (ex-wife), fore- (foretell), pre-, re- (reconsider)
8. Number Prefixes – bi-, multi- (poly-) (multi-purpo), mi- (hemi-), tri- (tricycle), uni-(mono-) (uniform)
9. Miscellaneous prefixes – auto-, neo- (neo-Nazi), pan- (pan-European), vice-
4.1.2 Suffixation ——Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Change the grammatical function of stems (the word class). Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis.
1.Noun suffixes
Denominal nouns (名词+suffix ——名词)
a. Concrete —— -eer (engineer), -er (teenager), -ess (hostess), -ette (cigarette), -let (booklet) b. Abstract —— -age (wastage), -dom (处于…状态)(officialdom), -ery (slavery), -ery (-ry), -hood (childhood), -ing (farming), - ism(…主义) (terrorism), -ship(状态) (sportsmanship)
Deverbal nouns (动词+suffix——名词)
a. Denoting people —— -ant (assistant), -ee (trainee), -ent (respondent), -er(-or) b. Denoting action, result, process, state, ect. —— -age (linkage), -al (dismissal), -ance (attendance), -ation(-ition, -tion, -sion, -ion), -ence (existence), -ing (savings), -ment (statement)
De-adjective nouns (形容词+suffix——名词) —— -ity (popularity), -ness (happiness)
Nouns and adjectives suffixes —— -e (Chine), -an (Australian), -ist (主义) (socialist)
2.Adjective suffixes
Denominal suffixes —— -ed (wooded), -ful (successful), -ish (foolish), -less (priceless), -like (lady-like), -ly (friendly), -y (smoky)
-al(-ial, -ical) (cultural, residential), -esque (picturesque), -ic (economic), -ous(-eous, -ious) (coutageous) -ic and –ical can be affixed to th
e stem in some cas, but differ in meaning. Historic (important in history) historical (of history) Classic (great, memorable) classical (of Latin or Greek) Comic (of comedy) comical (funny)Economic (in the economy) economical (money-saving) Electric (powered by electricity) electrical (of electricity)
Deverbal suffixes —— -able (-ible) (washable), -ive(-ative, -sive) (active, decisive)
Adverb suffixes —— -ly (calmly), -ward(s) (homewards), -wi (clockwi)
Verb suffixes —— -ate(originate), -en (darken), -(i)fy (beautify), -ize (i) (modernize)
-nik most of them are considered slang.