20XX年复习资料
大
学
复
习
资
料
专 业：
班 级：
科目老师：
日 期：
Chapter 1 The Greek World – The Age of Alexander the Greet
Polis —城邦
2. 城邦社会结构
自由人—libertinus 公民 —polite 全权公民（成年男性）—full-citizenship
奴隶 —helot 外邦人—resident aliens 妇女—woman
贵族 —aristocrat 平民 —commoner
Limitation（局限性）
不是现代意义上的民主，而是男性公民的民主（广大妇女，奴隶，外邦移民无权利）
Not in the n of modern democracy, but full-citizenships of democratic (the women, he
lot, andresident aliens without rights)
即是伟大文明的催化剂，又是社会不公的一种暴力机器。
That is not only great civilization of catalyst, but also a kind of social injustice violence machine.
The right of full-citizens（权利）
a.political ruler
land owner
c.polis defender(the hoplite phalanx重装步兵)
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle(苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚里士多德)
Socrates(苏格拉底)
Know thylf！（认识你自己）
Question everything（求索万物）
Only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness(快乐从追求美德开始)
b. Plato(柏拉图)
The academy（雅典学院）
Theory of ideas(理念论)
The repubilc（理想国）
Allegory of the cave（洞穴理论）
Equality of man and woman（男女平等）
Advocated instead the leadership of enlighted philosopher-king(哲学王) who would control rather than consult the mass.
Aristotole(亚里士多德)
“Golden Mean”（中庸之道）——everthing in moderation
Logic（逻辑学）
三人思想的异同
Socrates：Plato’s teacher,advocated materialism(唯物主义)，contributed more to education
and turned natrual rearch into human rearch in philosophy. He believed that in the pursuit of natural truth is endless(把哲学从研究自然转向研究自我，他认为对于自然的真理的追求是无穷尽的)
Plato：Aritotle’s teacher,advocated idealism(唯心主义). He believed that the world is consisted of “idea of the world” and “reasonable world”
Aristotle: Encyclopedic scholar, advocated materialism(唯物主义), viewed that education is country function.
polysism(多神教)
“Hellenistic” Greece:希腊化时代—Hellenistic（希腊化）=Greek-like
Alexandar the Great（综合评价）
one of the most fascinating and controversal figures of history
b. he had an active,arching mind and a great love of physical exertion(运用)
he was arrogant,but maintained a cool,lf-control in the midst of action
d. his fame was enhanced by his ablity to inspire courage in his soldiers
e. he often got the jump on his enemies,outmaneuvering(以计谋获胜) them before they even knew what was going on
Alexander was also exceedingly clever and acted decisively(果断的) when others hesitated
g. He could anticipate success and intuitively(直觉的) knew how to cope with(处理) each situation
h. He took risks and when the outcome was in doubt,defied uncertainty, and managed each situation with boldness
He had a larger vision to bring together many races under one ruler and under one form of government. His goal was to make humankind a single poeple
Chapter 2 The Roman Republic—Origins,Breakdown and Rebirth
1.Fouding of Rome(800BC)罗马城市的建立
The legend of Romulus and Remus
2.powers of the western meditertanean
Greeks and Carthaginians(迦太基人)
3.The conquest of Italy
By 270BC,Rome had expanded to the southern tip of Italy,had succeeded in establishing contractual alliances(联盟)
4.Rome and Carthage(迦太基)—Power of the western mediterranean
a.the carthaginians, who had established a commercial hegemony(贸易霸权) believed that the ascendant(优势的) Rome threatened their control of the ragion
The Carthaginian (Punic) wars 布匿战争（三次）
First Punic war- fought over Sicilian city
Second Punic war –Hannibal(汉尼拔)of carthage led army across Alps into Italy
Third Punic war –North Africa becomes Roman province
5.罗马共和社会的表现形态
Consul（执政官）代替行使国家权力，两名执政官互相牵制
Senate（元老院）元老院有权批准、认可法律，并通过执政官掌管财政外交，统辖行省和实施重大宗教措施等。Asmbly of the centuries（平民大会） 公民大会是平民可以参加的会议，负责选举公职人员和通过元老院拟定的题案，也有否决元老院题案的权力。三者之间权利相互制衡
6.经济改革—Tiberius Gracchus
Military Reform
Marius马略 Sulla苏拉
内容：Accepted soldiers into army who owned no land
影响：created a professional army of soldiers who were promid land ,booty(战利品) and glory ,in return ,they gave their loyalty to their general rahter than to the state. the army became the focal(焦点的) point of view.
The first Triumvirate(三人执政)
Pompey（庞培） Crassus（克拉苏）Caesar（凯撒）
内战开始的标志性事件（civil war）—Caesar cross the Rubicon(卢比肯河)、
9.the eatablishment of the Augustan Principate奥古斯都元首制的建立
princeps： first citizen
honorary title： Augustan
通过何种方式确立的奥古斯都元首制？
屋大维的对内对外政策屋大维为了加强与扩大帝国统治的社会基础，特别注意提高大奴隶主阶级的地位，扩大他们的特权。
屋大维对元老院进行五次清洗，把元老人数减少到600 人，并且明确规定元老出身，具备财产。元老可以担任军事长官和行省总督，执政官之类共和国遗留下来的高级长官。
罗马的骑士以及意大利自治市贵族中的富豪显贵都属于骑士等级。骑士与元老有密切联系，骑士可以候补元老，元老之子在取得进入元老院的资格以前，则列为骑士。这两个等级在经过一番斗争之后，在共和制的废墟上重新联合起来，他们都在安富尊荣中享受着元首政治的恩宠，因而也大力支持元首政治，成为元首政治的主要社会基础。
