翻译的基本技巧--被动语态的翻译.
翻译的基本技巧——语态转换译法
语态转换译法
1 顺译法
1.1 顺译成被动句
1.2 顺译成主动句
2 倒译法
2.1 把by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语
2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语
2.3 倒译成汉语的⽆主句
3 分译法
⼀、顺译法
既保留原⽂的主语，⼜要使译⽂主要成分的顺序和原⽂⼤体⼀致的翻译⽅法就叫顺译法。
1 顺译法(Translation in Original Order)
1. 1 顺译成被动句
A.译成“被”字
所谓“被”字句，就是在汉语的动词前⾯加上⼀个“被”字来表⽰被动的句⼦。主要表⽰这个动作不利于受事者或这个情况有点特殊，或者出乎意料。加上“被”字以引起读者的注意并表⽰“被”这⼀动作动作接受者（受事者）是不乐意或不情愿接受的。
例1：Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.
【译⽂】维⽣素C受热过度就会被破坏。
例2：Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized, the plant provides the newly formed eds with a rerve of food materials, which will be needed when they themlves germinate. 【译⽂】花⼀旦被授了粉并受了精，植株就会对新⽣种⼦提供养料贮藏，以备种⼦未来发芽之需。
例3：She thought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad, and imbruted partner! (Charlotte Bront?: Jane Eyre)
【译⽂】她以为⼀切都是公正合法的，做梦也没想到过⾃⼰竟会被诱⼊欺诈婚姻的圈套，跟⼀个骗⼦、疯⼦、⼗⾜的坏蛋缔结姻缘。
B. 译成“挨”字句
“挨”仅⽤于翻译该动作是对动作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句⼦。
例1：The boy was criticized yesterday.
【译⽂】这孩⼦昨天挨了⼀顿批评。
例2：I was caught in the downpour.
【译⽂】我在⼤⾬中挨浇了。
C. 译成“给”字句
“给”也是⽤于翻译该动作对动作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句⼦。
例1：Our clothes were soaked with sweat.
【译⽂】我们的⾐服给汗⽔湿透了。
例2：The crops were washed away by the flood.
【译⽂】庄稼给⼤⽔冲跑了。
例3：Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company.
【译⽂】路易斯公司的⼀辆拖车把你的汽车给拖⾛了。
D. 译成“叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、为……所、经……所”等字句，⽤以加强说话、表达语⽓。
例1：You have been wetted in the rain.
【译⽂】你叫⾬淋湿了。
例2：The γ-rays are not affected by an electric field.
【译⽂】γ射线不受电场影响。
例3：A lot of hous and buildings, roads and bridges were damaged in the aquake.
【译⽂】许多房屋建筑、道路桥梁在这次海啸中遭到破坏。
例4：It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.
【译⽂】这件事必须在适当的时候⽤适当的⼿段予以处理。
课堂互动1：翻译下列句⼦, 顺译成被动句。
1．Tho who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded.
【译⽂】⽴功的⼈将受到奖励。
2．A program called a compiler was written by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer.
【译⽂】编译程序先由专家⽤机器代码编码写好，然后储存在计算机中。3．Translation techniques should be paid enough attention to.
【译⽂】翻译技巧应予以⾜够的重视。
4．The applicants interviewed are required to hand in some necessary material.
【译⽂】被谈过话的申请⼈，要求交上必要的材料。
5．Television keeps us informed about current events at home and abroad.
【译⽂】电视使我们了解国内外⼤事。
1. 2 顺译成主动句
A. 顺译成形式是主动，意义上是被动的句⼦
把英语句⼦顺译成主动句，其形式是主动，但从意义和逻辑关系上看还是被动句。
例1：Love can not be forced.
【译⽂】爱情不能强求。
例2：Love and cough cannot be hidden.
【译⽂】爱情和咳嗽都⽆法隐藏。
例3：My holidays afternoons were spent in rambling about the surrounding country. (Washington Irving)
【译⽂】每逢假⽇的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。
例4：Illness must be correctly diagnod before they can be treated with medicine.
【译⽂】疾病必须先确诊，再⽤药。
B. 改变原⽂的谓语动词，顺译成主动句
如果把英语的被动句译成汉语的被动句，则不符合汉语的语⾔习惯，所以常可将英语的
被动句顺译成汉语的主动句，原⽂的谓语动词是被动形式，可转变谓语，顺译成汉语的主动形式。
例1：The teacher was satisfied with the answer.
【译⽂】⽼师对回答感到满意。
例2：I am told you are careless.
【译⽂】听说你很粗⼼⼤意。
例3：The long river is originated from that high mountain.
【译⽂】这条⼤河发源于那座⼭。
C. 顺译成“是……的”结构
英语句⼦要着重表⽰的不是受事者受到了某个⾏动这样⼀个事实本⾝，⽽是与这个⾏动有关的⼀些具体情况，如时间、地点、⽅式、⽅法等。也就是说，句⼦⾥强调的是⾏动的静态⽽不是动态的含义。这样就可以顺译成汉语的“是……的”的句式。其框架为“受事者—是—动词—的”。
例1：That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother.
【译⽂】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。
例2：The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
【译⽂】美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛⼤学⾸先实施的。
例3：Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.
【译⽂】诗歌吟唱时是由七弦琴伴奏的。
例4：The left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain.
【译⽂】左⽿是由⼤脑的右侧控制的。
课堂互动2：翻译下列句⼦, 顺译成主动句
1．This is a question to be answered at once.
【译⽂】这是⼀个要⽴即回答的问题。
2．We are deeply touched by the hero’s loyalty to the cau.
【译⽂】我们深为英雄忠于事业的精神所感动。
3．The novels of Dickens have already been translated into many languages.
【译⽂】狄更斯的⼩说已经译成了好⼏种语⾔。
4．The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of agricultural science.
【译⽂】这⼀发现在农业科学界得到很⾼的评价。
5．Wells and spring are supplied with underground water.
【译⽂】井⽔和泉⽔都是地下⽔。
6．I was received by a tall, lithe, vibrant woman in her 70’s, white-haired, and still beautiful. 【译⽂】接见我的是⼀位⾼挑轻盈、满头银发的⼥⼈。虽然年逾古稀，却依然神采奕奕、风韵犹存。
2. 倒译法(Translation in Rever Order)
倒译法就是将英语被动句的主语汉译成宾语的翻译⽅法。倒译法⼜分完全倒译法和部分倒译法。完全倒译法是把原⽂by或其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语；部分倒译法译出的汉语句⼦常是⽆主句。
2. 1 把by 后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语
例1：Yet, only a part of this energy is ud by man.
【译⽂】然⽽，⼈类只利⽤了这种能量的⼀部分。
例2：Rivers are controlled by dams.
【译⽂】拦河⼤坝把河流控制住了。
例3：We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism.
【译⽂】社会主义给我们带来了⾃由和幸福。
例4：Light and heat can be given to us by the sun.
【译⽂】太阳供给我们光和热。
例5：At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.
【译⽂】⼀个正常的⼈每天⾄少需要两夸脱的⽔。
2. 2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语
例1：Heat is removed from the body during sweating.
【译⽂】出汗时⼈体散发热量。
例2：Abundant exercis and problems are provided in this reference book.
【译⽂】这本参考书提供了⼤量的练习和问题。
例3：The same signs and symbols of mathematics are ud throughout the world.
【译⽂】全世界都使⽤同样的数学记号和符号。
例4：50 laboratories have been built in our school.
【译⽂】我们学校已建⽴了50个实验室。
例5：The compass was invented in China 4 000 years ago.
【译⽂】4000年前中国发明了指南针。
2. 3 倒译成汉语的⽆主句
将原⽂主语倒译成汉语的宾语，译出的汉语句⼦常是⽆主句。有时也会译成动宾词组作主语的句⼦，这种译法更符合汉语习惯，通顺⾃然。对于原⽂中未提及动作执⾏者（施事者）的句⼦常可采取这种翻译⽅法。
例1：Quality of products must be guaranteed first.
【译⽂】⾸先要确保产品的质量。
例2：The goods are urgently needed.
【译⽂】急需此货。
例3：Smoking is not allowed here.
【译⽂】此处禁⽌吸烟。
例4：Children should be taught to speak the truth.
【译⽂】应该教育⼉童讲真话。
例5：You are suppod to pay right after the books are delivered.
【译⽂】书到后应⽴即付款。
课堂互动3：运⽤倒译法翻译下列句⼦
1．Tremendous rearch work is required to bring about such fantastic speeds.
【译⽂】要达到如此神奇的速度，需要进⾏⼤规模的研究⼯作。
2．Helsinki became a flourishing port, and a university was founded at Turku.
【译⽂】赫尔⾟基变成了⼀个繁荣的港⼝，在图尔库还建成了⼀所⼤学。
3．The matter was never mentioned again ever since.
【译⽂】从那以后再也没有提起过那件事。
4．I am saying that if they are read in a historical order, the effort is rewarded.
【译⽂】我是说，如果按历史顺序阅读，则不会徒劳⽆益。
3 分译法(Splitting Translation)
把原⽂的主语部分或被动式谓语动词从原⽂中分出来，单独译成⼀个带主语或不带主语的分句，放在句⾸，剩余部分再译成⼀句或⼏句，跟在其后。
3. 1 “It + be + V.-ed + that-cl. ”结构
It is asked that …有⼈会问……
It is asrted that …有⼈主张……
It is felt that …有⼈感到……；⼈们认为……；
It is preferred that…有⼈建议……
It is recommended that …有⼈建议……；有⼈推荐……
It is suggested that …有⼈建议……
It is stresd that …有⼈强调说……
It will be said that …有⼈会说……
It is believed that …有⼈相信……
It is estimated that …有⼈估计……
It is announced that …有⼈通知……; 有⼈宣称……
It is pointed out that …有⼈指出……
It is claimed that …有⼈宣称……
It is declared that …有⼈提出……
It is described that …有⼈介绍说……
It has been objected that …有⼈反驳说……
It is thought that …⼈们认为……；有⼈认为……
It is taken that …⼈们认为……
It is reputed that …⼈们认为……
It is regarded that …⼈们认为……
It is noticed that …⼈们注意到……；有⼈指出……
It is noted that …⼈们注意到……；有⼈指出……
It is sometimes asked that …⼈们有时会问……
It was told that …⼈们曾说……
