常见呼吸系统疾病症状体征
一、以大叶分布的肺脏炎性病变，病理改变分为三期，充血期﹑实变期﹑消散期。
Lobar pneumonia is defined as an infection of lung parenchyma with a lobar distribution of consolidation. Its pathological changes could be divided into three stages, which include congestion, consolidation and resolution.
症状 Symptoms
青壮年，诱因，起病急
Young adults with motivation, sudden ont.
寒颤﹑高热﹑胸痛﹑咳嗽﹑铁锈色痰
Chills, high fever, chest pain, cough, rusty sputum.
体征 signs
急性热病容，呼吸困难，口唇疱疹。
Face of acute ill and fever, dyspnea, herpes labialis
视诊：呼吸动度减弱
Inspection: decrea of respiratory movement
触诊：语音振颤增强，气管居中
Palpation: increa of vocal fremitus, trachea in middle position
扣诊：浊音
Percussion: dullness
听诊：管状呼吸音，胸膜摩擦音，湿罗音
Auscultation: bronchial breath sound, pleural friction rub, rales.
二﹑慢性阻塞性肺病
(chronic obstructive pulmonary dia COPD)
慢性阻塞性肺病是一种具有气流受限特征的肺部疾病，气流受限不完全可逆，呈进行性发展。确切的病因还不十分清楚，但认为与肺部对有害气体或有害颗粒的异常炎症反应有关。
COPD has been defined as a dia characterized by the prence of airflow limitation, which is partially reversible and generally progressive. The exact cau of COPD still remains unclear, but mostly is associated with abnormally pulmonary inflammatory respon to the harmful gas or particles.
症状：Symptoms
慢性咳嗽，咳痰，白色粘液泡沫痰，合并感染时可为脓性, 冬季加剧.
Chronic productive cough,
whitish mucoid frothy sputum, yellowish sputum when complicated with infection.
aggravation in the winter,
气短或呼吸困难, 喘息
short of breath or dyspnea, wheezing, dyspnea with exertion.
体征：signs
1.视诊: 胸廓呈桶状，肋间隙增宽，呼吸动度减弱
Inspection: barrel chest, decrea of respiratory movement
2.触诊：语颤减弱
Palpation: decrea of vocal fremitus.
3.叩诊：双肺叩诊呈过清音，肺下界下降，心界缩小，肝浊音界下移
Percussion: bilateral hyperresonance
4.听诊：肺泡呼吸音减弱，散在干湿罗音
Auscultation: decrea of breath sounds and diffud rhonchi and rales
三、支气管哮喘(bronchial asthma)
是由多种细胞（如嗜酸性粒细胞，肥大细胞，T细胞，中性粒细胞，气道上皮细胞等）和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病。这种慢性炎症导致气道反应性增加，通常出现广泛多变的可逆性气流受限，并引起反复发作性的喘息，气急，胸闷或咳嗽等症状，常在夜间和（或）清晨发作，加剧，多数患者可自行缓解或经治疗缓解。
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway in which many cells and cellular components play a role, in particular mast cells, eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, epithelial cells and so forth. This chronic inflammation caus airway hyperresponsiveness and recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly at night and/or in the early morning. The symptoms are usually associated with widespread but variable airway limitation that is reversible either spontaneously or with treatment.
症状Symptoms
1.幼年或青年期发病，反复发作，季节性。
Childhood or adolescence ont, recurrent attacks and asonality.
2.过敏原接触史，过敏性鼻炎症状
Contact of allergen, allergic rhinitis
3.胸闷，带有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难
Chest tightness, expiratory dyspnea with wheezing
4.症状可经治疗缓解或自行缓解
Remission spontaneously or with treatment.
体征Signs
1.视诊：呼气性呼吸困难，被迫端坐位，辅助呼吸肌参与呼吸，大汗，紫绀，胸廓饱满，呈吸气位。
Inspection: expiratory dyspnea, forced sitting position, accessory respiratory muscle u, sweating, cyanosis, chest hyperinflation.
2.触诊：呼吸动度变小，语颤减弱
Palpation: decrea of respiratory movement and fremitus.
3.叩诊：过清音
Percussion: hyperresonant note
4. 听诊：两肺满布干罗音
Auscultation: diffud rhonchi.
四、胸腔积液(pleural effusion)
胸膜毛细血管内静水压增高，胶体渗透压降低或胸膜毛细血管通透性增加所致胸膜液体产生增多或吸收减少，使胸膜腔内积聚的液体较正常为多。
胸腔积液的性质可分为渗出液和漏出液。
Pleural effusion is defined as the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pleural space. It may be caud by an either excess fluid production or decread absorption, which are associated with incread pleural capillaries hydrostatic pressure or decread oncotic pressure or incread pleural capillaries permeability.
The character of pleural fluid can be divided into exudates and transudate.
症状：Symptoms
1.＜300ml症状不明显
The symptoms are not obvious when the fluid is less than 300ml
2.干咳，胸痛。胸液增多时胸痛减轻
Dry cough, pleuritic chest pain, the pain will be palliated when the fluid increa
3.＞500ml气短﹑胸闷
short breath and chest tightness when the fluid is over 500ml
4.大量胸腔积液 呼吸困难﹑发绀
dyspnea and cyanosis when the fluid is large.
5.基础疾病症状
symptoms of the basic dia.
体征Signs
1.少量胸液常无体征
Usually there is no signs if the fluid is <500ml
2.中至大量积液
Middle to large fluid
视诊：呼吸受限，肋间饱满
Inspection: restriction of the respiratory movement on the affected side, bulging intercostals margins
触诊：心尖搏动及气管移向健侧，语颤减弱
Palpation: shift of apex beat and trachea to the uninvolved side.
abnt tactile fremitus over effusion
叩诊：积液区浊音或实音
Percussion: dullness on the effusion area.
