宾语考点
一，常见宾语形式
1,名词,代词，数词作宾语
eg,Show your passports,plea?
2,动名词作宾语
常见后跟动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,avoid,appreciate consider. deny.delay enjoy,escape,excu finish,forgive image mind,miss practi. risk,resist suggest,stand understand
eg,John suggested starting early .
He avoided being punished. [注意被动语态]
Plea excu my [me,Tom.Tom’] coming late.[注意动名词的逻辑主语]
3，不定式作宾语
常见后跟不定式作宾语的动词有：agree,offer,intend,plan hope,demand,promi,decide,fail,pretend
eg,I prefer not to think about it.
He pretended[ to be reading a book.] [注意不定式的时态和语态]
[to have known the truth.]
[to have been told the truth. ]
He had planned to attend the meeting,but he had an expected guest.
=He planned to have attended the meeting[intend,hope用法相同] *注意rember,forget,regret,mean等单词后可接动名词和不定式作宾语但表达意思不一样：
rember／forget to do sth记得／忘记要做某事
rember／forget doing sth 记得／忘记已经做了某事
regret to do sth 遗憾的要做某事
regret doing sth后悔做了某事
mean to do sth 打算做某事
mean doing sth 意味着做某事
eg,I regret to tell you that you didn’t pass the exam.
I regretted not taking part in the game.
4,疑问词+不定式作宾语
I haven’t decided what to buy／.which to buy./how to get there./where to go/.whetherto go./when to go.
二，双宾语形式
有些动词能够接人的词作间接宾语，接物的词作直接宾语，常见的词有：hand.lend.ll.buy.give.call.promi.
eg,Our teacher told us a story.=Our teacher told a story to us.
My father will buy me a book.=My father will buy a book for me
三，it作形式宾语，真正的宾语由that引导的从句或不定式充当
1，主语+find/think/consider/feel/make+it+adj./n.+不定式或that 从句
Eg,I found it easy to learn a foreign language.
He made it clear that he would leave office soon.
The company made it a rule to wear uniforms
We thought it a pity that he failed to come.
2,其它it作形式宾语特殊句式
Eg,We took it for granted that they would like the idea.
I hate it when people speak with their mouth full.
Plea e to it that the windows are clod.
You can depend on it that he will help you.
I appreciate it if you can help me.
四，从句作宾语
1、that引导宾语从句： say, think, wish , hope, e, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后加that。连词that在口语中常被省略：I told him that he was wrong.
2、If、whether 引导宾语从句：一般情况下，whether和if 能够替换例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
注意：（1）在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导。例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
（2）宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导。例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
（3）和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导
例：I haven’t decided whether to go there or not
3、由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who, whom, who, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
I will give a gift to｛ whoever comes to e the performance.
｛whomever you like.
注意事项
1,宾语从句的语序：必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
例：I believe that they will come soon.
He asked me whether I was a teacher.
They wanted to know what they can do for us.
2宾语从句的时态
受主句的限制，主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相对应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。 如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象等，不管主句是什么时态，从句的时态一般都用现在时态。
She said that she was a student.
She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
She said that she had finished her homework already.
五，介词后的宾语及宾语从句
1，介词后接名词几动名词作宾语用作介词宾语的三个难点：介词的宾语通常是名词、代词或动名词，也能够是从句，但在使用时应注意以下两点：
(1)从句用作介词宾语
. Whether we can succeed depends on how well we cooperate.
She was praid for what had done.
Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.
She walked up to where I stood.他走到我站的地方来。
They arrived at what is referred to as Newsland now.
At last ,they reached what they thought was the place they had been dreaming of.
注意：介词后接从句作宾语时，通常不能是that 从句，遇此情况应在介词后加上the fact。如：
The judge paid no attention to the fact that she had just lost her husband. 法官根本不理会她刚刚失去丈夫这事实。(其中的 the fact 不可省略)
但是，表示“除……外”的介词 except, 后可直接跟 that 从句。当然并非except后的从句都用that引导，根据词义也可用what, when, how, where, whether(不用which和 if )等引导。
如：
He has not changed at all except that he is no longer so talkative. 他一点也没变，仅仅不像以前那样爱说话了。
(2) 动词用作介词宾语
介词后接动词作宾语时，该动词通常要用动名词形式。如：
She was late becau of missing the bus.
His carelessness led to the thief’s being late .（动名词作宾语时其逻辑主语能够由名词，物主代词及宾格来充当）
He has been looking forward to there being a chance.
He has been expecting there to be a chance.
