Part Three
Chapter 23 Canada’s geography and history
加拿大的地理特点：Canada’s geography features:
1) 座落于美国的北部，仅次于俄罗斯的世界第二大国；
lies to the north of the US; the world’s cond largest country after Russia.
2.地形十分复杂：东部山区沿海省份沿劳伦斯湾和大西洋形成不规则的海岸；西部，太平洋沿岸地区被南北走向的山脉分离，其中包括落基山脉；中部是一个大平原；
it has an extremely varied topography:the east part is mountainous maritime provinces have an irregular coastline on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic;The west part, the Pacific border is parated from the rest of the country by mountain ranges from north to south including the Rockies; the central part is a vast plain.
3.气候不甚宜人，大部分地区冬季既漫长又寒冷，积雪深厚；所以，大多数人都居住在南部
边境地区
the climate is unfavorable, much of Canada has long and cold winters with deep snow. So,a major part of the population lives along the southern border.
4.最高峰是落根峰，主要的两大河流是马更些河与圣劳伦斯河。
The highest peak is Mount Logan; The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie River and the St. Lawrence River
大约80%的加拿大人住在临近美国边界的大城市中，多伦多是加拿大最大的城市
Nearly 80% of Canadians live in large cities near the border with the United States. Toronto, Canada's largest city
地理区域及其特点Geographical regions and their characteristics
1、大西洋沿岸诸省区：Atlantic Province
该地区盛产土豆，旅游业是该地区经济的主要部分
potatoes grow well there ，The tourist trade is an important part of the region's economy.
纽芬兰省东部附近的大浅滩是世界上的大渔场之一，
off the eastern shore of Newfoundland, form one of the world's great fishing grounds.
哈利法克斯市，拥有一个长年不冻的天然良港。
Halifax, has a good natural harbor that is ice free.
2、圣劳伦斯及五大湖省区St. Lawrence-Great Lakes Provinces
这是加拿大最发达的地区。这个地区因均靠近圣劳伦斯河和五大湖区而获益匪浅。
This is the most highly developed part of Canada. The region benefits from being near the St, Lawrence River and the Great Lakes.
目前它是加拿大人口密度最大的地区，也是工业化程度最高的地区。 魁北克省是加拿大两个最重要的省份之一。法国文化的巨大影响使它与其他省区有所不同。
This area is today the most denly populated and industrialized part of Canada. Quebec is one of Canada's two most important provinces. It differs from the other provinces of Canada becau it has a strong French culture.
渥太华，加拿大的首都，也位于安大略省。在首都，一半人说法语，一半人说英语。
Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is in the province of Ontario. Half of the population of the capital city are French speaking and half are English speaking.
3、加拿大地盾区the Canadian Shield
几乎半个加拿大被加拿大地盾所覆盖，对居民没有什么吸引力，但却蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源、水力资源和大片的森林。
Almost half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shield.The Shield, although uninviting to ttlement, contains a wealth of minerals, much water power and great forests.
4、大草原诸省区Prairie provinces
它很适于种植小麦It is ideal for growing wheat.
5、不列顛哥伦比亚区British Columbia
最重要的山脉是落基山脉和海岸山脉，它们贯穿全省
The most important mountain ranges are the Rocky Mountains and the Coast Mountains, which extend the length of the province.
6、北部诸省及地区Northern provinces and territories
光秃秃的、人烟稀少的加拿大北部地区占整个国土的4/5。尽管该地区气候恶劣，但成千上万公顷的森林、丰富的矿产资源和许多水资源都正在被开发。
The bare, thinly ttled region of northern Canada takes up four fifth of the country. In spite of its vere climate, thousands of hectares of forest land, rich mineral deposits, and many sources of water are being developed.
加拿大的形成The Making of Canada
1.欧洲人发现加拿大
The European discovery
’Kanata’是印第安语‘居住者’， 英国人和法国人逐渐征服了西班牙人没有提出主权要求的北美领土，当时被称作新法国的定居点始于1604年，建在皇家港口，在现今天的新斯科舍省。
”Kanata”was an Indian Word for “ttlement”， The English and French became rivals in the gradual conquest of tho parts of North America not claimed by the Spanish. The actual ttlement of New France, as it was then called, began in 1604 at Port Royal in what is now Nova Scotia.
2、英法竞争：在7年的英法战争后1756-1763，整个加拿大属于英国统治，
The rivalry between the British and the French，the whole of Canada came under the British rule, after the Seven Year’s war betwenn England and Franch from 1756-1763
3、英国统治下的加拿大British Canada
在《魁北克法案》中，英国议会赋予了魁北克人作为法裔加拿大人的权力。
by the Quebec Act ，British Parliament granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians.
第一批在加拿大的英国定居者是美国难民，为讲英语的加拿大奠定了基础。
The first British ttlers in Canada were American refugees，lay the ba of English-speaking Canada.
根据1791年法案，建立了上加拿大(英国人)和下加拿大(法国人)，根据 1848年的《联合法案)，上、下加拿大又合二为一，并且1848年成立了内部自治政府。1867年的《英属北美法案》，宣布其为自治领。
By an Act of 1791 Upper Canada(British)and Lower Canada (French)were created. Act of Union in 1840, the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again,it was made a dominion in 1867 by the British North America Act.
