Writing An Introduction of A Rearch Paper
I. Some conventions(一些规则)
Every professional paper should have at least one or two introductory paragraphs. In the Introduction the writer ts the stage for the main topic. It provides information for the reader about the paper, without giving the details of the work and conclusions. Often the Introduction is ud to put the rearch into perspective, by stating how it relates to other technical and institutional work. The Introduction can range from half of a page to two pages.
The purpo of the Introduction is to supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of the prent study without referring to previous publications on the topic. The introduction should also provide the rationale for the prent study. The writer should state briefly and clearly his purpo in writing the paper. Much of the Introduction should be written in the prent ten becau the writer will be referring primarily to the problem and the related established know-ledge at the beginning o
f the work.
(i) It should prent the nature and scope of the problem investigated. Since there might be many perspectives from which the writer can approach the problem, narrowing down the scope of work and de-limiting the boundary of the study becomes necessary.
(ii) The Introduction is the proper place to define any specialized terms or abbreviations intended to be ud.
(iii) The Introduction should also inform the reader of the general purpo of the paper and illustrate the primary objectives of the rearch.
(iv) It should review the pertinent literature to orient the reader. In science and engineering studies the literature is reviewed for veral reasons, for example, to learn from the work of others, to give credit to similar and relevant studies, to help the reader in further study to the topic, problem or theory. In professional work it is esntial to make it clear what contributions have been made by others, and what the cur-rent work has achie
ved and contributed to further understanding. The reader must never be in doubt what has already been established in the literature before, and what the reported study has contributed.
(v) The Introduction may also talk of the arrangement of the writing at the end of the Introduction. In long papers, the mention of the arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the pa-per more easily, and can make the reader feel convenient in further reading.
II. Stabilized structure(固定的结构)
1．Establishing the scope of rearch(表示研究／讨论范围)
Step l Claiming centrality(表明讨论中心话题)
and／or
Step 2 Making topic generalization(s)(总括所研究话题的现状)
and／or
Step 3 Reviewing previous rearch(综述前人研究)
2．Establishing a niche(确立研究／讨论话题)
Step l A Counter—claiming(反驳前人观点)
Or
Step l B Indicating a gap(表明前人研究空白)
Or
Step l C Question—raising(提出问题)
Or
Step l D Continuing a tradition(继续前人研究)
3．Occupying the niche(研究／讨论具体切人点)
Step l A Outlining purpos(表明研究目的)
Or
Step l B Announcing prent rearch(表明当前研究重点)
Step 2 Announcing principal findings(表明主要发现)
Step 3 Indicating the rearch article structure(表明文章结构)
1．Establishing the scope of rearch(确定研究／讨论范围)
Step 1 centrality claims: In the introduction, centrality claims are typically expresd in one ntence, but can also be in two or more ntences. Typically, they are put at the beginning of the Introduction. The author can introduce centrality claims by claiming interest or importance, referring to the main character of the issue, or claiming that there are many other investigators active in the area.
Some typical examples are:
~ Recently, there has been a spate of interest in
~ In recent years, applied rearchers have become increasingly
~ has generated
~ Recently, there has been wide
~ The time development ...is a classic problem in fluid mechanics.
~ have been favorite topics for analysis
~ Knowledge of ...has a great
~ The has become an important
~ The has been studied extensively in recent years.
~ Many investigators have recently
~ The relationship between ...has been studied by many authors.
~ A central is the
The Introduction can also begins with step 2
Step 2: making a topic generalization. Statements of topic generalizations generally fall into two categories: statements about knowledge or practice, or statements about phenomena. Typical examples of the first group are:
~ There is now much evidence to support the
