UNIET 7 The practice of international ocean cargo transportation
Sea Transportation海运概述
1．课文：Shipping constitutes the principal mode of international transport and is estimated to carry about 90 percent of international trade in terms of volume．
注释：
constitute：构成，相当于
principal：最重要的，首要的
estimate：估计
in terms of：就 来说
volume：量，额
译文：海运是国际运输的最重要方式，预计其承担了90%的国际贸易量。
2．课文：Conquently，it is very important for the freight forwarder to be able to identify the formalities relating to carriage of goods by a to be able to provide all efficient rvice．
注释：
conquently：所以，因此
freight forwarder：货运代理人（行）
identify：认出，识别，确定
formality：手续，例行公事
carriage：运输
译文：因此对于货运代理人来说，熟悉海洋货物运输的手续是非常重要的，这样才能提供有效的服务。
一、Transport Geography 运输地理
1．课文：An international freight forwarder should be familiar with international trade routes.
注释：
be familiar with：熟悉
trade route：贸易线路
译文：国际货运代理应熟悉国际贸易线路。
2．课文：He or she should have knowledge of main traffic routes, location of ports, trans-shipment points and inland centers.
注释：
knowledge：知识 （have knowledge of: 具备...知识，可以引申为“了解，熟悉”）
traffic routes：运输线路
location：位置
trans-shipment points：转运地
inland center：内陆中心、
译文：他（她）应该熟悉主要的交通线路，港口的位置，转运地和内陆中心。
3．课文：A freight forwarder should also have a general idea of the pattern of international trade and its changing trends.
注释：
idea：概念，注意，明白
pattern：型式，模式
trend：走向，方向，趋势，倾向
译文：货运代理人还应该对国际贸易的格局和变化趋势有一个整体的概念。
二、Different Types of shipping rvices 不同类型的海上运输服务 (考试重点)
2-1 课文：The international shipping market offers four types of rvice, namely, conference lines, non-conference lines, non-vesl operation common carriers and tramp rvice.
注释：namely: 即，就是，换句话说(=that is) conference lines: 班轮公会运输 non-conference lines: 非班轮公会运输 non-vesl operation common carriers: 无营运船公共承运人 tramp rvice: 不定期船运输 (tramp: 在这里是指的“不定期航行”)
课文意思：国际海上运输市场提供了四种类型的服务，即班轮公会运输，非班轮公会运输，无营运船公共承运人和不定期船运输
2-2 Conference Lines 班轮公会运输
课文：A shipping conference is a group of shipping lines operating in any particular route under agreement to provide a scheduled rvice with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of ports of call.(班轮公会的定义，了解一下)
注释：shipping conference:班轮公会 group: 团体，集团 shipping lines: 班轮运输 operating: 运行的，操作的 particular: 特殊的，特定的 under agreement: 按照协议的，在这里引申为“预定的” scheduled: 按船期表的 tariff:费率表，运费表(我们最常用的词义是“关税”) fixed:固定的 itinerary:路线，旅行计划 ports of call: 挂靠港，停靠港
课文意思：班轮公会是按预定的船期表在特定的航线上从事营运的班轮公司的组织，具有共同的费率表、固定的挂靠港。
课文: The purpo of a shipping conference is to eliminate price competition among member lines and reduce outside competition by trying to capture most of the traffic for member lines through loyalty arrangements with shippers.
注释：purpo:目的 eliminate：消除，除去 price competition: 运价竞争 member lines: 会员公司 reduce:减少 outside competition: 外部竞争 capture:获得，争取(原义是“捕获”) traffic: 在这里是“买卖，交易”的意思 loyalty: 忠诚，忠实(loyalty agreement: 忠诚协议) shipper:托运人
课文意思：班轮运输的目的是消除会员公司之间在运价上的竞争，通过与托运人之间达成的忠诚协议为会员争取大量货源，以减少外部竞争。
对于托运人来说班轮公会运输的优势(两点)：
1. Stability of freight rates. 稳定的运费率 (stability: 稳定，稳定性)
2. Regularity of rvices. 定期的运输服务 (regularity:定期，规则，规则性)
班轮公会运输的缺点(三点)：
1. Rates are usually high. 费率一般很高
2. Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand as in a tramp rvice.费率不会像不定期船那样随供求关系的变化而变动。(fluctuate:变化，变动;supply and demand:供求)
3. Rules and procedures are inflexible.规则和程序不灵活(rules:规则;procedure:程序，手续;inflexible:不灵活的)
2-3 Non-conference lines 非班轮公会运输
课文：In recent years, along most int道路货物运输
ernational routes, non-conference lines have pod a challenge to conference system.
注释：in recent years: 近几年 along: 沿着 po a念如娇
ch皇埔嵩
allenge to: 对...提出挑战
课文意思：近几年，出现在大多数国际航线上的非班轮公会运输，对班轮公会提出了挑战。
课文：This is attributable to the development of containerization and emergence of many independent carriers.
注释：attributable: 可归于...的(be attributable to: 可归因于) containerization: 集装箱运输，货柜运输 emergence: 出现，发生 independent car美国十
riers: 独立承运人
课文意思：这是由于集装箱运输和许以大开头的成语
多独立承运人的出现。
课文：As a result, along some routes, the conference lines have been forced to come to terms with the non-conference lines in regard to rates, and terms and condition of rvice.
注释：as a result: 结果 be forced to: 被迫去做... come to terms: 达成协议，妥协，让步 in regard to: 关于(=regarding, with regard to) terms: 价钱，费用 condition: 条件。
课文意思：结果航运公会被迫在运价、运输条件上和非班轮公会公司达成协议。
2-4 Non-vesl operating common carrier (NVOCC) 无营运船公共承运人
课文：An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled rvice. He does not own or operate the vesls by which a transportation is provided. (无船承运人的定义，了解一下)
