高考英语阅读理解之推测词义
一、推测代词指代含义
例 (2019课标全国ⅡA篇节选)
My Favourite Books
Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will ries (系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.
Matilda
Roald Dahl
I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds. Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they're also aspirational.
Who does “I” refer to in the text?
A.Stephen King.
B.Gillian Flynn.
C.Jo Usmar.
D.Roald Dahl.
解析：根据第一段可知,本文主要是Jo Usmar的书评。再根据文中“I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it ”可推断出此处“I”指的是Jo Usmar。
二、推测画线单词或短语的含义
1.依据定义推测词义
在许多情况下,文章的作者估计某个词一般读者不熟悉,则会在文章中给出该词的定义或解释。通过阅读定义和解释部分,读者便可理解该词的基本含义。线索词有that,which,is等。
例1 Ventilation, as you kno奥尔良鸡翅的做法
w, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.
解析：句中的“Ventilation”可能是个生词,但 is 后面是对该词的明确定义。什么系统或什么手段才能提供新鲜空气呢?由此推断画线词意为“通风系统”。
2.依据同位语推测词义
通常引出该词同位语的词语有that is,in other words等,还有的同位语凭借括号或破折号出现。
例2 In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.
解析：由同位语an endangered wild cat可迅速推断画线词ocelots是指一芬兰英语
种濒临灭绝的野猫。
3.依据文章中的举例推测词义
在阅读理解中,考生可以根据文章所举的例子,从具体到一般,推断出该生词的意思。
例3 The cour gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as the relationship among countries in the European Union, Third World debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
解析：根据such as 后面列举的一系一年级四字词语
列例子可推断句中的issues 应该是指“议题”。
4.依据对比关系或比较关系推测词义
能体现对比关系或比较关系的词汇很多,主要有but,yet,however,while,unlike,instead,similarly,on
the contrary,in contrast to等。标点符号中的分号也可表示对比。
例4 A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What do the underlined words “a hassle” probably mean?
A.A party designed by specialists.
B.A plan requiring careful thought.
C.A situation causing difficulty or trouble.
D.A demand made by guests.
解析：根据分号可知句子前后含有对比关系,这里a hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意思,由此推断答案为C。
答案 C
例5 Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
解析：该句中的副词similarly表明loves to talk和loquacious 之间是比较关系,其意义相近。由此可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。
5.依据构词法推测词义
考生要了解构词法知识,尤其要注意合成词和派生词,可以从该词的各个部分的特定意思及上下文推测出该词的意思。
例6 Do you have any strong opi抬头纹怎么办
nion on co-educational or single-x schools?
解析：根据educational (教育的),结合前缀co-(共同,一起)和single-x schools,可推测co-educational的意思是“男女同校的”。
例7 It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village.
解析：前缀un-的意思为“不”,后缀-ize的意思是“使成为……;使……化”,结合commercial(商
业的),可推测“uncommercialized”的意思为“未被商业化的”。
6.依据上下文语境,通过并列结构推测词义
例8 Is it possible to beat high blood p香港歌手
ressure without drugs?The answer is “yes”, according t独角仙的特点
o the rearchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.
解析：根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系可推断“Johns Hopkins”是一家医疗中心。
7.依据因果关系推测词义
因果关系是一种常见的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。一定的原因会导致一定的结果,某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的。常见的表示因果关系的词汇有since,as,becau,for,so,thus,conquently,therefore,hence,due to,result in,result from,as a result,for this reason,hat等。
例9 I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.
The word “presumptuous” in the ntence is clost in meaning to “ ”.
A.full of respect B.too confident and rude
C.骆组词拼音
lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
解析：根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容(既然你是我的上司),可以推断出“presumptuous”的意思为“自负的,放肆的”。
答案 B
8.利用上下文来推测词义
例10 (2019课标全国ⅡB篇节选)
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I'll do
it.”What does the underlined phra “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?
A.Encourage teamwork. B.Appeal to feelings.
