Part 1
Design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc. 本质特征：决定了我们人类语言性质的特征被称为本质特征，包括任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性、文化传播性等等。
★Commuication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language? (Ex. 7)
Less arbitary, lack duality, less creative, limited repertoire, emotional-oriented.身体语言和面部表情不像人类语言那样具有任意性和创造性，它不具有二层性，只有有限的指令，并且是感情导向的。
★Do you agree with the view that no language is especial梦见与人争执
ly simple?
Yes. All human languages are complicated systems of communication. This is decided b
y their shared design features. 是。所有的人类语言都是复杂的交流系统，这是由它们所共有的符号特征所决定的。
★Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系。
[1] Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning
语素的音和义之间的任意性
[2] Arbitrariness at the syntactic level句法上的任意性
[3] Arbitrariness and convention任意性和约定性
★Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?你认为拟声词是形式和意义之间的非任意的联结吗？
Not really. Onomatopoeia is at most suggestive of the natural sounds they try to capture. They are arbitrary as signifiers. 并非如此，拟声至多提示了它们所要表达的自然声响，而
它们作为能指是任意的。
★A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the ntence “As the night fell, the wind ro.” Could this be expresd “As the wind ro, the night fell?” If not, why? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order?
Yes. Changing the order of the two claus may change the meaning of the ntence, becau claus occurring in linear quence without time indicators such as “before” or “after” will be taken as matching the actual quence of happening.
这反映了词序的非任意性。改变两个小句的顺序会改变句子的意思，因为小句如果只是按线形排列而无时间词提示，如“before”或“after”，我们就认为，它表达了实际情况的顺序。
★“By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, 正面下手发球
such that units of the primary level are compod of elements of the condary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.”“二重性指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。”七字春联
（莱昂斯Lyons, 1982: 20）
★Does the traffic light system have duality, why?
No, No discrete unit排骨海带汤的做法
s on the first level that can be combined freely in the cond level to form meaning. There is only simple one-one relationship between signs and meaning, namely, red-gree油麦菜孕妇能吃吗
n-go and yellow-get ready to go or stop.
否。交通信号系统中，底层结构没有独立的单位，无法互相自由结合组成有意义的上层结构。符号和意义之间只存在简单的一对一的关系，即，红-停止，绿-通行，黄-准备通行或停止。
★ Displacement means that human language enable their urs to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not prent (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 移位指人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话时（时间和处所）并不存在的物体、事件和观点。
★Function: the u of language to communicate, to think ,etc. Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive functio
n, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function. 功能：利用语言来交流，思考等。语言功能包括：信息功能，人际功能，施为功能，感情功能，交感性谈话，娱乐性功能和元语言功能。
★Phatic communion：It refers to the social interaction of language. 交感性谈话：指的是语言的社会交互性。
★Metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.元语言：为分析和描述某种特别研究的语言学符号和术语。
★Macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnograph, science of law and artificial intelligence etc. Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, etc.宏观语言学：语言和与语言相关的学科（如心理学、社会学、人种学、法学和人工智能等）的相互交叉研究。宏观语言学的分支包括：心理语言学，社会语言学、人类语言学等等。
★ Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
描写式：一种描述事情是怎样的语言学研究方法。
★Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language u. 规定式：一种规定事情应该是怎样的语言学研究方法。例如，规定语言使用的规则。
★Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the prent), as its point of obrvation. Most grammars are of this kind. 共时：一种以一个固定的时间（通常，但非必须，是现在）为它的观察角度的描写。
★Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the cour of its history.
历时：在语言的历史过程中研究语言。
★langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.语言：说话者的语言能力。
★parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).
言语：语言的实际现象或语料
★Competence: A language ur’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
