1. the Hardian’s Wall:
It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.
2. Alfred the Great
Alfred was a strong king of the Wiman. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advi the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.
3. William the Conqueror
William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.
4. the battle of Hastings
In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan cho Harold as king. William, Duke of N
ormandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.
5. Doomsday Book
Under William, the feudal system was established. William nt officials to compile a property record known as Doomsday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general surve中学生摘抄
y of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It emed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgment Day.
6. the Great Charter
King John’s reign caud much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 claus. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the l
imitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.
7. the Hundred Years’ War
It referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The caus were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refud to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their posssions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.
8. Joan of Arc
She was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.
9. the Black Death
It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure,初出茅庐的主人公
and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It caud far-reaching economic conquences.
10. the Wars of Ros
They referred to the battles between the Hou of Lancaster and the Hou of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red ro, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism recei快速缓解头晕的小妙招
ved its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.
11. Bloody Mary
Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she percuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.
12. Elizabeth I
One of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and 万圣节的活动
of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.
13. Oliver Cromwell
The leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himlf Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of Charles II in 1660.
14. the Bill of Rights
In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Hous. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.
15. Whigs and Tories
It referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were tho who oppod absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Tories were tho who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conrvative Party.
16. James Watt
The Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.
