英语中介词讲解(常⽤的介词和介词短语)
英语中介词讲解(常⽤的介词和介词短语)
介词的分类和应⽤英语介词虽是⼩词,数量也不多,但它灵活多变,随处可见,功能强⼤⽽且难于掌握。
英语介词分类:
按结构英语介词可分为3类:
1.简单介词(约有70个)如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。
2.分词介词(约15个)如:during,following,considering,regarding,speaking,judging,talking等。
3.成语介词(约有500个)如:out of,apart from(除之外:别⽆、尚有),becau of,by means of⽤、依靠等。按意义英语介词可分为3类:
1. 时间介词如:at, on, in, during, over, from, for, until等。
2. 地点介词如:at, on, in, across, to, over, between, inside, outside 等。
3. 其它介词如:by, with, about, except, instead of, due to, apart from 等。
英语介词不可单独使⽤,只能与不同的此类构成介词短语来在句⼦中担当⼀个成分。
常⽤的五种介词短语:
1.介词+名词:at the door, into the bag
2.介词+代词: for me, of others
3.介词+动名词: in doing so, to my saying that
4.介词+连接副词/连接代词/what从句:over what he had better do
5.介词+连接副词/连接代词+不定式:on how to do this
其他类型的介词短语
6.介词+介词短语:from across the street, until after dinner
7.介词+副词:from below
8.介词+复合结构:with the light on
9.介词+不定式(but/except):…did nothing but sleep介词 -- 连接词与词纽带。
英语经常⽤介词来表⽰词与词之间的关系
1. 时间
1)at表⽰在某⼀时间点: at 3 o’clock
2)in表⽰在某⼀时间段内的某⼀或某些点: in 2004
in表⽰在某段时间的结束点:I’ll e you again in a week.
3) during表⽰某⼀时间段内⾃始⾄终:during the first period
4) on表⽰在某⼀day/date或其中的某⼀段:on Monday, on Sunday morning
5) by表⽰不迟于某个时间:by now
2. 地点
1)at表⽰在某处(⽽⾮它处):at school
2) in表⽰在内部或某个范围内:in the office
3) on表⽰在上⾯与某平⾯接触:on the table
4) outside表⽰在某个范围之外:outside world
5) under表⽰在⽐某个位置低的地⽅或在某表⾯之下:under a chair
6) by表⽰靠近或接近:by the window
3. 原因
1)becau of表⽰因为或以…为理由:becau of my father
2) for表⽰动作或活动的⽬的、⽬标或意图:for sale
3) out of表⽰起源、来源或原因:out of duty
4. ⽅式
1)with表⽰以…⽅式:with skill
2)in表⽰以某种⽅式: in French, in cash, in this way
5. ⽅法
1) by表⽰⽅法、⼿段: by the back road, by bus, by working hard
2) on表⽰运送⽅式:on a train, on foot
3) in表⽰途径或材料:in oils
1. 介词短语的词性--形容词
1) 常⽤于做定语的介词短语的介词
of: a child of six
with: a man with a suitca
in: a girl in red
to: the key to the door
for: a war for money
about: an agreement about trade
2)常⽤于做表语的介词短语的介词
at: She was at a loss.
beyond;The road is beyond the hill.
雀斑的治疗方法
in: He’s still in danger.
of: It’s of no value.
on: He is on guard.
布鲁斯 詹纳out of: I’m out of job.
under: He’s under forty.
音乐之声插曲3) ⽤于做宾语补⾜语:
I saw George at work.
A cold kept him in bed for 7 days.
2. 介词短语的词性—副词
1)做状语,主要⽤于修饰谓语:
He has been here since Monday.
Bake it is for two hours.
2) ⽤于be+adj.结构:巧丽
She is afraid of snakes.
I’m sorry about that.
3) 修饰⾮谓语动词:I asked to speak to the headmaster.
含有介词的短语动词:
1. v.+ prep :agree with/to/on/in, answer for, ask for, come across, go after, live on, run into, head for, look for/after/at 等。
2. v.+ adv. + prep : come up to达到, go in for从事、爱好, run out of,⽤光 do away with废除, keep up with, make up for, put up with等。
英语介词的学习在整个英语学习中既是⼀个难点也是⼀个重点。
英语介词⼜称作前置词,在⼗⼤词类中属虚词,介词是⼀个⼩词类,绝⼤多数词体⼩,拼写简单,然⽽使⽤频率相当⾼,搭配能⼒极强,在英语惯⽤结构中复杂多变,介词的学习在于掌握理解灵活运⽤。在学习的过程中,可以采⽤4种⽅法。
⼀、分析对⽐
在介词的学习过程中,将意义相同或接近的介词加以对⽐分析,是⼀种不错的⽅法,这样就⽐较容易区别他们的内涵意义,进⽽准确⽆误地加以运⽤,如,“about”和“on”两个介词都有关于的意思,但实
melitta
际含义是不同的。on⼀般指关于学术⽅⾯的,⽽about⼀般指学术之外的,我们可以把此类词放在具体的语⾔环境中加以⽐较,如,a book about flowers⼀本关于花的书,a lesson on philosophy ⼀堂哲学课。像这样的同类词或者词组在介词中还有不少,如,on above over;below under beneath;in at after since;after behind;before in front of in the front of;after a week;in a week等。除了可以对这类同类词进⾏分析⽐较之外。我们还可以对介词的反义词进⾏⽐较分析,以使其词义更加明显⽣动,从⽽有利于记忆,进⽽达到熟练运⽤的⽬的,例如学⽣可以做出这样的对⽐above- below over-under on-beneath in-out等,成功地记忆意义相近或者相反的介词,会事半功倍。
⼆、总结归纳
英语中的介词,除了有基本的意义以外,往往还有若⼲引申转化的意义。如介词
in常⽤的表达形式所表达的意义就有:in space在空间,in surpri惊奇地,in the day在⽩天,in the day time在⽩天、在⽩昼,in the fields of在……领域⾥,in the end最后、终于,in the face of在……当中,in the fields
荡气回肠的英文歌在⽥地⾥,in the middle of在……当中,in the north(south)在北(南)⽅,in the past fifty years在过去的五⼗年⾥,in the sky 在天上,in the 17th century在第⼗七世纪,in the street在街上,in the tree在树上,in time 及时,in town在镇上,in tho days在那些⽇⾥,in trouble处于困境(苦恼)中。
除了这些介词in以外,还有许多介词如:at,for,of,to,with,by等,每个介词都具有多种意义。在教学中我们要对此类表⽰若⼲个意义的介词,加以归纳总结,让学⽣全⾯理解和掌握介词的意义,⽽不是单⼀地机械地⽤⼀个固定的中⽂词去给某介词释义。不仅如此,我们还要引导学⽣注意不同的英语介词与相同的宾语搭配将表⽰各种不同的意义。我们在讲授by onelf 这个介词短语的时候,不妨启发学⽣由onelf这个反⾝代词联想与其连⽤的其他介词。例如for onelf, of onelf, to onelf, with onelf, in onelf。上述介词反⾝代词的结构独具意义,且运⽤⼴泛,若能适时地启发学⽣产⽣联想,适度地教给他们某些词组,对于他们的语⾔运⽤能⼒的提⾼,将取到事半功倍的效果。⼜如,在教look through这个词组时,不妨启发学⽣联想look after,look around,look for等。
三、分析记忆
有些介词⽤图画表⽰,简捷明快,让学⽣留下⼀个直观印象,记忆深刻、准确,不容易出错。表⽰位置的介词如下: across 横过,穿过,越过,经历;over 在……之上;above在……上⾯;at在……⾥⾯;around在……周围;below 在……下⾯;under在……下⾯;between在(两者)之间之间;on在……之上;within在……之内;inside在……之内;in在……之内;beneath在……之下;beside在旁边;about在附近;near在……近旁;by在附近。
表⽰动向的介词如下:by经,The ship sailed north by east.船沿着向北偏东的⽅向驶去。 along顺着,
We went for a walk along the shore.我们沿着海岸散步。 against逆着,advance against difficulties迎着困难上。
四、综合练习学习的⽬的是为了运⽤,为⽅便牢固地掌握,练习是必不可少的,笔者总结归纳了如下⼏种练习⽅法:
1.做游戏:在学⽣学完表⽰地点的介词后,⽼师不妨做如下的游戏,让学⽣在⼀个轻松的环境中掌握介词: 课铃响后,⽼师⾛到教室。⾸先藏⾝后门后,然
后问学⽣,Where am I?学⽣回答,Behind the desk.⽼师再藏⾝于讲台下⾯,Under the desk.⼜⾛向教室后部At the back of the classroom.站在Jim和Tom中间Between Jim and Tom.⾛出教室Out of the classroom.
2.⼝头问答:(1)Where are you at8o’clock last Sunday On the bus.
(2)Where will the basketball game be this Friday On the sports ground.
(3)What time do you usually watch TV After 8o’clock.
(4)When do you e film On Saturday?
(5)How do you usually go home By bus.
常⽤介词及介词短语:
1) at once ⽴刻
2) at last 最后
3) at first 起先,⾸先
4) at the age of…在……岁时
5) at the end of…在……之末
6) at the beginning of…在……之初
7) at the foot of…在……脚下
8) at the same time 同时
优游自在
9) at night / noon 在夜⾥ / 中午
10) with one's help 在某⼈的帮助下,由于某⼈的帮助
11) with the help of …在……的帮助下
12) with a smile ⾯带笑容
13) with one's own eyes 亲眼看见
14) after a while 过了⼀会⼉
15) from now on 从现在起
16) from then on 从那时起
17) far example 例如
18) far away from 远离老友记中英文字幕版
19) from morning till night 从早到晚
20) by and by 不久
21) by air mail 寄航空邮件
22) by bike / air / train / bus 骑⾃⾏车 / 乘飞机 / ⽕车 / 汽车
23) by ordinary mail 寄平信
24) by the way 顺便说
25) by the window 在窗边
26) by the end of…到……底为⽌
27) little by little 逐渐地
28) in all 总共
29) in fact 事实上
30) in one's twenties 在某⼈⼆⼗⼏岁时
31) in a hurry 匆忙利益冲突
32) in the middle of 在……中间
33) in no time (in a minute) ⽴刻,很快
34) in time (on time) 及时
35) in public 公众,公开地
36) in order to 为了……
37) in front of 在……前⾯
38) in the sun 在阳光下
39) in the end 最后,终于
40) in surpri 惊奇地
41) in turn 依次
42) of cour 当然
43) a bit (of) 有⼀点⼉
44) a lot of 许多
45) a little ⼀点⼉
46) on one's way to 某⼈在去……的路上
47) on foot 步⾏,⾛路
48) a talk on space ⼀个关于太空的报告
49) on the other hand 另⼀⽅⾯
50) at / on the weekend 在周末
51) on the left (right) 在左(右)边
52) on the other side of 在……另⼀边
53) on the radio 通过收⾳机(⽆线电⼴播)
从一个微笑开始
54) to one's joy 使……⾼兴的是
55) to one's surpri 使……惊讶的是
1. 表⽰时间的介词及介词短语
in,at,on,before,after,till,since,for,from,to,until, by,in the middle of,at the beginning of, at the end of,at half past five,at night,in a week,in the morning,in class,at sunri, in spring / summer / autumn / winter,on Sunday,on Saturday afternoon,on a winter evening,for a long time,for two months,after school,since liberation,before lunch,at the time of,at the age of。
2.表⽰地点的介词及介词短语
in,at,into,to,on,beside,before,behind,above,under,outside,inside,up,from,far,from,near,across,off, down, among, past,between,out of,around,in the front of, in the middle of, at the back of,at the foot of,at