关于古埃及文化的英文演讲
第一篇：关于古埃及文化的英文演讲
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Culture of Egypt
The Culture of Egypt has five thousand years of recorded history.Ancient Egypt was among the earliest civilizations.For millennia, Egypt maintained a strikingly complex and stable culture that influenced later cultures of Europe, the Middle East and Africa.After the Pharaonic era, Egypt itlf came under the influence of Hellenism, for a time Christianity, and later, Arab and Islamic culture.Today, many aspects of Egypt's ancient culture exist in interaction with newer elements, including the influence of modern Western culture, itlf with roots in Ancient Egypt.Languagedisgraceful
skinnyThe Ancient Egyptian language, which formed a parate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages, was among the first written languages, and is known from hieroglyphic in
scriptions prerved on monuments and sheets of papyrus.The Coptic language, the only extant descendant of Egyptian, is today the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church.The “Koiné” dialect of the Greek language was important in Hellenistic Alexandria, and was ud in the philosophy and science of that culture, and was later studied by Arabic scholars.Arabic came to Egypt in the venth century and Egyptian Arabic has since become the modern speech of the country.Of the many varieties of Arabic, it is the most widely spoken cond dialect, probably due to the influence of Egyptian cinema throughout the Arabic-speaking world.In the Upper Nile Valley, around Kom Ombo and Aswan, there are about 300,000 speakers of Nubian languages, mainly Nobiin, but also Kenuzi-Dongola.The Berber languages are reprented by Siwi, spoken by about 5,000 around the Siwa Oasis.There are over a million speakers of the Domari language(an Indo-Aryan language related to Romany), mostly living north of Cairo, and there are about 60,000 Greek speakers in Alexandria.Approximately 77,000 speakers of Bedawi(a Beja language)live in the Eastern Dert.Literature
Ancient Egyptian literature dates back to the Old Kingdom, in the third millennium BC.Reli
gious literature is best known for its hymns to various gods and its mortuary texts.The oldest extant Egyptian literature are the Pyramid Texts: the mythology and rituals carved around the tombs of rulers.The later, cular literature of ancient Egypt includes the 'wisdom texts', forms of philosophical instruction.The Instruction of Ptahhotep, for example, is a collation of moral proverbs by an Egyptian administrator.The authors of the literature of the Old and Middle Kingdoms(through to the middle of the cond millennium BC)em to have been drawn from an elite administrative class, and were celebrated and revered into the New Kingdom(to the end of the cond millennium).In time, the Pyramid Texts became Coffin Texts(perhaps after the end of the Old Kingdom), and finally the mortuary literature produced its masterpiece, the Book of the Dead, during the New Kingdom.The Middle Kingdom was the golden age of Egyptian literature.Some notable texts include the Tale of Neferty, the Instructions of Amenemhat I, the Tale of Sinuhe, the Story of the Shipwrecked Sailor and the Story of the Eloquent Peasant.Instructions became a popular literary genre of the New Kingdom, taking the form of advice on proper behavior.The Story of Wenamun and the Instructions of Ani are well-known examples fro
m this period.During the Greco-Roman period(332 BC − AD 639), Egyptian literature was translated into other languages, and Greco-Roman literature fud with native art into a new style of writing.From this period comes the Rotta Stone, which became the key to unlocking the mysteries of Egyptian writing to modern scholarship.The great city of Alexandria boasted its famous Library of almost half a million handwritten books during the third century BC.Alexandria's centre of learning also produced the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint.During the first few centuries of the Christian era, Egypt was the ultimate source of a great deal of ascetic literature in the Coptic language.Egyptian monasteries translated many Greek and Syriac works, which are now only extant in Coptic.Under Islam, Egypt continued to be a great source of literary endeavour, now in the Arabic language.In 970, al-Azhar University was founded in Cairo, which to this day remains the most important centre of Sunni Islamic learning.In the 12th century Egypt, the Jewish talmudic scholar Maimonides produced his most important work.Egypt's vast and rich literature constitutes an important cultural element in the life of the country and in the Middle East as a whole.Egyptian novelists and poets were among t
he first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated.The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular.Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.Many Egyptian books and films are available throughout the Middle East.Other prominent Egyptian writers include Nawal El Saadawi, well known for her feminist works and activism, and Alifa Rifaat who also writes about women and tradition.Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular literary genre amongst Egyptians, reprented most significantly by Ahmed Fuad Nigm(Fagumi)and Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi.Religion中外合作办学大学名单
Ancient Egyptian religion was a polytheistic system that saw the world as in conflict between forces of order and chaos.The Pharaoh, reprentative of order on Earth, was en as divine and descended of the falcon god Horus.There was a strong cult of resurrection in the next life centered around the god Osiris.Coptic Christianity became popular in the Roman and Byzantine periods, and Egypt was indeed one of the strongest early Christian communities.Today, Christians constitute about 10% of the population.Isla
m in Egypt came to the country with the successors of Mohammed, and is today the dominant faith with 90% of the population adherents, almost all of the Sunni denomination.Visual art
Egyptian art in antiquity
The Egyptians were one of the first major civilizations to codify design elements in art.The wall paintings done in the rvice of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings.Early Egyptian art is characterized by abnce of linear perspective, which results in a emingly flat space.The artists tended to create images bad on what they knew, and not as much on what they e.Objects in the artworks generally do not decrea in size as they increa in distance and there is little shading to indicate depth.Sometimes, distance is indicated through the u of tiered space, where more distant objects are drawn higher above the nearby objects, but in the same scale and with no overlapping of forms.People and objects are almost always drawn in profile.Early Egyptian artists did have a system for maintaining dimensions within artwork.They ud a
grid system that allowed them to create a smaller version of the artwork, and then scale up the design bad upon proportional reprentation in a larger grid.See also: African art(Egypt)
[edit] Egyptian art in modern times日堙月塞
大耳朵英语在线翻译Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diver as any works in the world art scene.Some well-known names include Mahmoud Mokhtar, Abdel-Hadi el Gazzar, Farouk Hosny, Gazbia Sirry and many others.Many artists in Egypt have taken on modern media such as digital art and this has been the theme of many exhibions in Cairo, in recent times.There has also been a tendency to u the world wide web as an alternative outlet for artists and there is a strong Art-focud internet community on egroups that has found origin in Egypt.Science Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemaeus, given contemporary German styling, in a 16th century engraved book frontispiecePtolemy is one of the most famous scientists associated with Egypt.Although he was born in Greece, he is famous for his work in Alexandria.Born Clau
dius Ptolemaeus(Greek: Κλα华尔街英语价格>万代是什么ύ病梅馆记翻译διος ∏τολεμαίος;c.85 – c.165),he was a Greek geographer, astronomer, and astrologer.He is considered by many to be the father of astronomy.Ptolemy was the author of two important scientific treatis.One is the astronomical treati that is now known as the Almagest(in Greek Η μεγάλη ∑ύpadνταξις, “The Great Treati”).In this work, one of the most influential books of Antiquity, Ptolemy compiled the astronomical knowledge of the ancient Greek and Babylonian world.Ptolemy's other main work is his Geography.This too is a compilation, of what was known about the world's geography in the Roman Empire in his time.In his Optics, a work which survives only in a poor Arabic translation, he writes about properties of light, including reflection, refraction and colour.His other works include Planetary Hypothesis, Planisphaerium and Analemma.Ptolemy's treati on astrology, the Tetrabiblos, was the most popular astrological work of antiquity and also enjoyed great influence in the Islamic world and the medieval Latin West.Ptolemy also wrote an influential work Harmonics on music theory.After criticizing the approaches of his predecessors, Ptolemy argued for basing musical intervals on mathematical ratios(in contrast to the followers of Aristoxenus)
backed up by empirical obrvation(in contrast to the overly-theoretical approach of the Pythagoreans).He prented his own divisions of the tetrachord and the octave, which he derived with the help of a monochord.Ptolemy's astronomical interests also appeared in a discussion of the music of the spheres.Tributes to Ptolemy include Ptolemaeus crater on the Moon and Ptolemaeus crater on Mars.Music and dance
