Chapter 2 Major Differences in Sentence Patterns between Chine and English
Objectives:艾夫尔
By the end of this chapter, students are expected to be able to:
1. Know basic differences between Chine and English ntences;
2. Learn about basic translation methods ;
3. Translate between Chine and English ntences and
差距英文4. Appreciate successful translation and tell the reasons.
Main contents
Major Differences in Sentence Patterns between Chine and English
I.Hypotactic vs paratactic （形合与意合）asktao
Hypotactic----the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of claus with connectives.
Paratactic----The arranging of claus one after another without connectives showing the logical relation between them.
English tends to be hypotactic while Chine tends to be paratactic. We should remember the tendency in the two languages is relative not absolute. The structure of English is compared to a tree with various branches on different levels, while the Chine one is compared to a bamboo with one part after another.
e.g. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us: that from the honored dead we take incread devotion to that cau for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly revolve that the dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address ) (我们应该做的是献身于他们留给我们
的伟大任务。我们的先烈已将自己的全部精诚付与我们的事业，我们应从他们的榜样中汲取更多的精神力量，努力使他们的鲜血不致白流。在上帝的保佑下，自由将得到新生。我们这个民有、民治、民享的政府将永存于世上。)
会计培训班要多少钱两种特征形成的效果是，英语结构紧凑严密；而汉语结构简练明快。英语好像一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠；汉语好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一波江涛。具体说来，在英语中，主干突出，即主谓机制突出，名词尤其是抽象名词用得多，介词也用得多，英语在表达复杂的思想时，往往开门见山，然后借用英语特有的词汇关系代词，把各个句子有机地结合起来，构成一串串葡萄似的句子。主干可能简单，但上面却借着累累硕果。如：
(1) The isolation of the rural world, becau of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
prevent>motherfucker译文：由于距离远，有缺乏交通工具，是农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
(2) It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead.(from How to Grow Old)
译文：为美好的往昔而遗憾，为逝去的朋友而哀伤，是没有用的。
(3)Man propos, God dispos. (paratactic)
tomato的音标
谋事在人，成事在天。
翻译实例：汉语的意合到英语的形合
(4)中国将努力促进粮食生产，正常情况下粮食自给率不低于95％。
China endeavors to increa its grain production, so that its lf-sufficiency rate under normal conditions will be no lower than 95%.
(5)他来，我走。
He comes, I go.【错句】
If he comes, I will leave.
Since he has come, I will leave.
As soon as he comes, I will leave.
(6)门开了，学生们一涌而入。
When the door opened, the students rushed in.
The door opened and the students came crowding in.
翻译实例：英语意合到汉语意合
(7)Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him.
跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
(8)Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.
打死我也不说。
(9)Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
white christmas
谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
(10)If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
(11)We will not attack unless we are attacked.
人不犯我，我不犯人。
翻译实例：英语意合到汉语形合
(12)Grasp all, lo all.
贪多必失。
(13)Sure bind, sure find.
若想东西好找，事先必须放好。
II. Stactic vs paratactic
Stactic---- English tends to u nouns (including abtracts nouns), prepositions to express some ideas which would be expresd by verbs in Chine(dynamic).
(14)A woman with fair opportunities, and without an an absolute hump, may marry whom she likes. (Vanity Fair)
爱词霸
译文：一个女人只要有机会好，又不是很驼背，想嫁给谁都行。
(15) Carlisle street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.(pay attention to the u of prepositions)
如何应对面试译文：卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉点，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止。（注意汉语句子在表达相应内容时用的是动词）
In Chine , verbs does not need any morphological change, therefore, it is very convenient to u Chine verbs, especially for dynamic description.
晴文先接了出来，笑道：“叫我研了墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天，快来给写完了这些墨才算呢！”
(16)He could not help, too, rolling his large eyes round him as he ate, and chuckling with the possibility that he might one day be lord of all this scene of almost unimaginable luxury and splendour.
译文：他一边吃，一边瞪着大眼睛环顾四周，不禁暗自发笑，眼前这一派富丽奢华，说不定某一天会统统落进我的掌心。
III. Impersonal vs Personal （人称和物称）
Impersonal----not showing any feelings of sympathy, friendliness. An impersonal ntence or verb is one where the subject or object is reprented by a word such as “it”.(人称)
(17)It was surprising that I met her that time.
