Time—35minutes
26Questions
Directions:The questions in this ction are bad on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages.For some questions,more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question.However,you are to choo the best answer;that is,the respon that most accurately and completely answers the question.You should not make assumptions that are by commonn standards implausible,superfluous,or incompatible with the passage.After you have chon the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
1.The development of new inventions is promoted by the
granting of patent rights,which restrict the right of
anyone but the patent holders to profit from the
inventions for a specified period.Without patent rights, anyone could simply copy another’s invention;
conquently,inventors would have nofinancial
incentive for investing the time and energy required to
develop new products.Thus,it is important to continue to grant patent rights,or el no one will engage in
original development and conquently no new
inventions will be forthcoming.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A)Financial reward is the only incentive that will
be effective in motivating people to develop
new inventions.
(B)When an inventor lls patent rights to a
manufacturer,the manufacturer makes less total
profit on the invention than the inventor does.
(C)Any costs incurred by a typical inventor in
applying for patent rights are insignificant in
comparison to thefinancial benefit of holding
the patent rights.
(D)Patent rights should be granted only if an
inventor’s product is not similar to another
invention already covered by patent rights.
(E)The length of a patent right is usually
proportional to the costs involved in inventing
the product.2.The Fenwicks returned home from a trip tofind two
broken bottles on their kitchenfloor.There was no sign of forced entry and nothing in the hou appeared to
have been taken.Although the Fenwicks have a pet cat
that had free run of the hou while they were away,
the Fenwicks hypothesized that they had left a back
door unlocked and that neighborhood children had
entered through it,attempted to raid the kitchen,and
left after breaking the bottles.
Each of the following,if true,helps to support the
Fenwicks’hypothesis EXCEPT:
(A)A neighbor thought he had en the Fenwicks’
back door closing while the Fenwicks were
away.
(B)When the Fenwicks returned home,they found
children’s footprints on the back porch that had
not been there before their trip.
(C)The two bottles that the Fenwicks found broken
on their kitchenfloor had been in the
refrigerator when the Fenwicks left on
vacation.
(D)There have been veral recent burglaries in the
Fenwicks’neighborhood in which
neighborhood children were suspected.
(E)The Fenwicks returned home from their trip
later than they had planned.
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3.In an experiment,tennis players who were told that
their performance would be ud to asss only the
quality of their rackets performed much better than an
equally skilled group of tennis players who were told
that their tennis-playing talent would be measured.
The situation described above most cloly conforms to which one of the following propositions?
(A)People do less well on a task if they have been
told that they will be cloly watched while
珍珠港主题曲doing it.
(B)People execute a task more proficiently when
they do not believe their abilities are being
judged.
(C)People perform a task more proficiently when
they have confidence in their abilities.
(D)People who asss their talents accurately
generally perform near their actual level of2014年6月四级
proficiency.
(E)People who think that a superior performance
will plea tho who are testing them
addergenerally try harder.
4.Sydonie:Parents differ in their beliefs about the rules
to which their children should be subject.So any
disciplinary structure in schools is bound to
create rentment becau it will contradict some
parental approaches to raising children.
Stephanie:Your conclusion is incorrect;educational rearch shows that when parents list the things
that they most want their children’s schools to
provide,good discipline is always high on the
list.
Stephanie’s argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that
(A)it focus on educational rearch rather than
educational practice
(B)it address a more general issue than that
addresd in Sydonie’s argument
(C)it does not counter Sydonie’s suggestion that
parents have diver ideas of what constitutes
good discipline
(D)the phra“high on the list”is not specific
enough to give uful information about what
parents desire from a school
(E)it fails to discuss educators’attitudes toward
discipline in schools 5.Art critic:The aesthetic value of a work of art lies in
its ability to impart a stimulating character to the
audience’s experience of the work.
Which one of the following judgments most cloly
conforms with the principle cited above?
(A)This painting is aesthetically deficient becau it
is an exact copy of a painting done30years
ago.
(B)This symphony is beautiful becau,even
though it does not excite the audience,it is
competently performed.
(C)This sculpted four-inch cube is beautiful
becau it is carved from material which,
although much like marble,is very rare.
(D)This painting is aesthetically valuable becau it
was painted by a highly controversial artist.
(E)This poem is aesthetically deficient becau it
has little impact on its audience.
6.Antonia:The stock market is the best place to invest
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your money the days;although it is often
volatile,it provides the opportunity to make a
large profit quickly.
Maria:I agree that the stock market provides the
opportunity to make large profits quickly,but one
is just as likely to take a huge loss.I think it is
better to invest in savings bonds,which provide a
constant,reliable income over many years.
Antonia’s and Maria’s statements provide the most
support for holding that they disagree about whether
(A)the stock market is often volatile but provides
the opportunity to make a large profit quickly
(B)savings bonds can provide a large return on
one’s investment
(C)the stock market provides the opportunity for an
investor to make a constant,reliable income
over many years
(D)it is safer to invest in savings bonds than to
invest in the stock market
(E)it is preferable to pick an investment offering a
reliable income over a riskier opportunity to
make a large profit quickly
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7.Very little is known about prehistoric hominid cave
dwellers.However,a recent study of skeletons of the hominids has revealed an important clue about their
爱情限时签daily activities:skeletal fractures prent are most like the type and distribution of fractures sustained by rodeo riders.Therefore,it is likely that the cave dwellers
engaged in activities similar to rodeo riders—chasing
and tackling animals.
Which one of the following principles,if valid,most
helps to justify the argumentation above?
(A)The primary source of clues about the lives of
prehistoric hominids is their skeletal remains.
(B)The most important aspect of prehistoric life to
be studied is how food was obtained.
(C)If direct evidence as to the cau of a
杭州音乐培训phenomenon is available,then indirect
evidence should not be sought.
(D)If there is a similarity between two effects,then
there is probably a similarity between their
caus.
(E)The frequency with which a hazardous activity
is performed is proportional to the frequency of
injuries resulting from that activity.
8.Studies suggest that,for the vast majority of people
who have normal blood pressure,any amount of
sodium greater than that required by the body is simply excreted and does not significantly rai blood pressure.
So only persons who have high blood pressure and
who bodies are incapable of safely processing excess sodium need to restrict their sodium intake.
Which one of the following,if true,would most
riously weaken the argument?
(A)High blood pressure is more harmful than was
previously believed.
(B)High blood pressure is sometimes exacerbated
by intake of more sodium than the body
requires.
(C)Excess sodium intake over time often destroys
the body’s ability to process excess sodium.
(D)Every human being has a physiological need for
at least some sodium.
(E)Any sodium not ud by the body will increa
blood pressure unless it is excreted.
9.Most lecturers who are effective teachers are eccentric,
but some noneccentric lecturers are very effective
teachers.In addition,every effective teacher is a good
communicator.
Which one of the following statements follows logically from the statements above?
(A)Some good communicators are eccentric.
(B)All good communicators are effective teachers.
(C)Some lecturers who are not effective teachers
are not eccentric.
(D)Most lecturers who are good communicators are
eccentric.
(E)Some noneccentric lecturers are effective
teachers but are not good communicators.
10.Recently,photons and neutrinos emitted by a distant
supernova,an explosion of a star,reached Earth at
virtually the same time.Thisfinding supports
Einstein’s claim that gravity is a property of space
itlf,in the n that a body exerts gravitational pull
by curving the space around it.The simultaneous采莲曲王昌龄
arrival of the photons and neutrinos is evidence that the
space through which they traveled was curved.
Which one of the following,if true,would most
strengthen the reasoning above?
(A)Einstein predicted that photons and neutrinos
emitted by any one supernova would reach
Earth simultaneously.
(B)If gravity is not a property of space itlf,then
photons and neutrinos emitted simultaneously
by a distant event will reach Earth at different
times.
(C)Photons and neutrinos emitted by distant events
would be undetectable on Earth if Einstein’s
claim that gravity is a property of space itlf
were correct.
(D)Photons and neutrinos were the only kinds of
particles that reached Earth from the
supernova.
(E)Prior to the simultaneous arrival of photons and
neutrinos from the supernova,there was no
empirical evidence for Einstein’s claim that
gravity is a property of space itlf.
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11.Geneticist:Billions of dollars are spent each year on
high-profile experiments that attempt to link
particular human genes with particular personality
traits.Though such experiments em to promi
a new understanding of human nature,they have
few practical conquences.Meanwhile,more
mundane and practical genetic projects—for
example,tho that look for natural ways to
make edible plants hardier or more nutritious—
are grossly underfunded.Thus,funding for
human gene rearch should be reduced while
funding for other genetic rearch should be
incread.
Which one of the following principles,if valid,most
helps to justify the geneticist’s reasoning?
(A)Experiments that have the potential to help the
whole human race are more worthwhile than
tho that help only a small number of people.
(B)Experiments that focus on the genetics of plants
are more practical than tho that focus on the
genetics of human nature.
(C)Experiments that help prevent malnutrition are
more worthwhile than tho that help prevent
merely undesirable personality traits.
distance是什么意思(D)Experiments that have modest but practical
goals are more worthwhile than tho that have
impressive goals but few practical
conquences.
(E)Experiments that get little media attention and
are not widely supported by the public are
more valuable than are tho that get much
media coverage and have wide public support.12.Some argue that becau attaining governmental power
in democracies requires building majority coalitions,it
is a necessary evil that policymakers do not adhere
rigorously to principle when dealing with important
issues,but rather shift policies as they try to plea
different constituents at different times.But it is
precily this behavior that allows a democracy to
adapt more easily to rve public interests,and thus it
is more a benefit than an evil.
Which one of the following is an assumption requiredattend过去式
by the argument?
(A)Government policymakers cannot retain power
if they ignore any of the various factions of
their original winning coalition.
(B)Democracies are more likely than nondemocratic
forms of government to have policymakers
who understand the complexity of
governmental issues.
(C)In the formulation of government policy,the
advantage conferred by adaptability to diver
orfluctuating public interests outweighs the
detriment associated with a lack of strict
fidelity to principle.
(D)In dealing with an important issue,policymakers
in a democracy appeal to a principle in dealing
with an issue only when that principle has
majority support.
(E)Democracies appear to be moreflexible than
nondemocratic forms of government,but are
not actually so.
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13.Up until about2billion years ago,the sun was30
percent dimmer than it is now.If the sun were that dim
now,our oceans would be completely frozen.
According to fossil evidence,however,life and liquid
water were both prent as early as3.8billion years
ago.
Which one of the following,if true,most helps to
resolve the apparent discrepancy described above?
(A)Our atmosphere currently holds in significantly
less heat than it did3.8billion years ago.
(B)The liquid water prent3.8billion years ago
later froze,only to melt again about2billion
years ago.
(C)A significant source of heat other than the sun
contributed to the melting of ice sheets
approximately2billion years ago.
(D)Evidence suggests that certain regions of ocean
remained frozen until much more recently than
2billion years ago.
(E)When large portions of the globe are ice-
covered,more of the sun’s heat is reflected and
not absorbed by the earth than when only the
poles are ice-covered.
14.Social critic:The operas compod by Bizet and Verdi
are nineteenth-century European creations,
reflecting the attitudes and values in France and
Italy at the end of that century.Several recent
studies impugn the operas on the grounds that
they reinforce in our society many stereotypes
about women.But only a small minority of
contemporary North Americans,namely opera
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lovers,have had any significant exposure to the
works.
Which one of the following most accurately express
the conclusion that the social critic’s argument,as it is
stated above,is structured to establish?
(A)Bizet and Verdi constructed images of women
that have significantly influenced contemporary
stereotypes.
(B)Nineteenth-century French and Italian images of
women are quite different from contemporary
North American images of women.
(C)The operas of Bizet and Verdi have not
significantly contributed to stereotypical images
of women in contemporary North America.
(D)Opera is not an important factor shaping social
attitudes in contemporary North America.
(E)People cannot be influenced by things they are
not directly expod to.15.In1975,a province reduced its personal income tax
rate by2percent for most taxpayers.In1976,the
personal income tax rate for tho taxpayers was again
reduced by2percent.Despite the decreas in the
personal income tax rate,the total amount of money
collected from personal income taxes remained constant
from1974to1975and ro substantially in1976.
Each of the following,if true,could help to resolve the
apparent discrepancy described above EXCEPT:
(A)The years1975and1976were ones in which
the province’s economy was especially
prosperous.
(B)The definition of“personal income”ud by the
province was widened during1975to include
income received from personal investments.
(C)The personal income tax rate for the wealthiest
individuals in the province ro during1975
and1976.
(D)The province’s total revenue from all taxes
incread during both1975and1976.
(E)A large number of people from other provinces
moved to the province during1975and1976. 16.Everything that is commonplace and ordinary fails to
catch our attention,so there are things that fail to catch
our attention but that are miracles of nature.
The conclusion of the argument follows logically if
which one of the following is assumed?
(A)Only miracles of nature fail to be ordinary and
commonplace.
(B)Some things that are ordinary and commonplace
are miracles of nature.
(C)Some things that are commonplace and ordinary
fail to catch our attention.
(D)Everything that fails to catch our attention is
commonplace and ordinary.
(E)Only extraordinary or unusual things catch our
attention.
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