Part 1. Early and Medieval English Literature | ||
Epic | Beowulf 贝奥武甫(the national epic of the English people) striking feature: alliteration头韵, metaphors暗喻 and understatements低调陈述. | |
ucbBallad Folk literature | The Robin Hood Ballads罗宾汉民谣 | |
Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟 1340-1400 The Mesnger of Humanism, the first Realistic writer, the founder of English poetry and master of English Language 他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人 | 长诗：翻译法语The Romaunt of the Ro玫瑰传奇; 改编意大利Troilus and Criyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德 小说：The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集(英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作)one of the monumental works in EL TCT is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures. Taking the stands of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and oppos the dogma of asceticism preached by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he prais man’s energy, intellect, quick of wit and love of life. His tales expo and satirize the evils of the time, as the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge and so on. With especially formidable force Chaucer attacks the corruption of the church. Chaucer’s English, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry: 1.introduced from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet). 2.is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. 3.he make the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. | |
Part 2. The English Renaissance | ||
Thomas More 托马斯·莫尔 The greatest of the English humanists and the one of the forerunner of modern socialist thought | Utopia乌托帮 Greek words “no place” ideal commonwealth conversation between More and voyager Hythloday Book one: contemporary England labouring class poor, the rich greed and luxury, ruler eager for war Book two: ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean property in held in common, there is no poverty From everyone according to his capacities, to everyone according to his need; paration of town and country; the importance of labour for every member. | |
Edmond Spenr 埃德蒙·斯宾塞 The Poet’s Poet | The Faerie Queene 仙后 dedicated to Queen Elizabeth The Shepherd’s Calendar牧羊人日记mark the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England Morden English. Spencer was the first master to make the language the natural music of his poetic effusions. | |
Francis Bacon 培根 1561-1626 The founder of English materialist philosophy | Founder of modern science in England: Advancement of Learning学术的进展; New Instrument新工具 Inductive Method of reasoning First English essayist: Essay subjects: love, truth, friendship, parents &children, beauty, studies, riches, youth &age, garden, death… Precision准确, clearness清晰, brevity简洁, force力度 | |
Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托夫·马洛 The most gifted of the “university wits” The greatest of the pioneers of English drama | Tamburlaine帖木耳(ambition); The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人(wealth); Doctor Faustus浮士德博士(knowledge) humanist colour insatiable thirst for knowledge 剧作意义：1.show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable appetite for power. 2.theme:prai individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the convictions of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the univer. 3.the heroes are merely individualists. their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themlves. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and ver of dramatic works. He first made blank ver the principle instrument of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of Shakespeare | kui|
euphemismWilliam Shakespeare 莎士比亚 1564-1616 1.he is one of the founders of realism in world literature. 2.his dramatic creation often ud the method of adaptation. 3.his long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. 4.he was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank ver. 5.he was a great master of the EL. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasuries of the EL. The popularity of S is a worldwide phenomenon | The Comedy of Errors错误的喜剧; Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记; The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记 Measure for Measure一报还一报/请君入瓮 Love’s Labour’s Lost爱的徒劳; Othello奥塞罗; Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶tragi-comedy King Lear李尔王; Macbeth麦克白; A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦; Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉; The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 Timon of Athens雅典的泰门; Much Ado about Nothing无事生非; The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘们儿; Pericles佩里克尔斯 Julius Caesar朱利亚斯·凯撒； Cymbeline辛白林; As You Like It皆大欢喜; The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事; Twelfth Night第十二夜; The Tempest暴风雨; The Sonnets十四行诗 ⑴His drama relies not so much on characters as on witty speech and situation. His plays are poetical dramas. A great number of important dialogues and soliloquies in his plays assume the form of poetry. ⑵This period is S’s sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of people in real life. There is a great lift in characterization. Heroines ⑶The third period is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”(give somber pictures of the world) . The tragic note is aggravated. ⑷The fourth period is the period of romantic drama. HenryⅧ Global Theatre The Great Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜 bic是什么意思The general spirit is optimism. Young people just freed from feudal fetters/youth love and ideal of happiness/humanist ideal/fight against destiny/mould their own fate. The Great Tragedies: Hamlet哈姆雷特a man genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of far-reaching perception and sparking wit. 1.humanist/free from medieval prejudices and superstitions/cherish a profound reverence for man/firm belief in man’s power and destiny. 2.love of man. 3.intellectual genius is outstanding/a clo obrver of man and manners. Melancholy: character/penetrating habit of mind/impossible ideal/personal wrong& fate of the country/active energy Othello奥塞罗new man of the R/integrity, sincerity, loftiness of mind/falhood truth/evil good/tragedy of humanism King Lear李尔王national unity and royal responsibility, divide up /insincere flattery/genuine love/betray trust/condemn Macbeth麦克白complicated contradictory/courageous clever/pray of ambition/tyrants oppressors/doom to defeat | |
Part 3. The English Bourgeois Revolution Period | ||
John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿1608-1674 | Paradi Lost失乐园(greatest epic in English Literature); Paradi Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙 表面:to justify the way God to man/to advocate submission to the Almighty 实际:a revolt against God’s authority Adam& Eve: Milton’s belief in the power of man/craving for knowledge Satan: real hero of the poem/a conquered and banished giant/obeyed and admired by tho who follow him down to hell Political in life and art; wrote greatest epic/influence is omniprent; master of blank ver; stylist/grand style; sublimity of thought and majesty of expression | |
John Bunyan 班扬 1628-1688 | The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程(religious allegory)1678出狱后 Vanity Fair名利场 Bunyan cherish deep hatred of both the king and his government. He saw and detested the injustice of laws, trials and judges. His pro is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of Bible. | |
John Donne 约翰·多恩 | Songs and Sonnets Devotions upon emergent Occasions (The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry) | |
John Dryden 约翰·德莱顿 Father of E criticism | All for Love一切为了爱 An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗（most famous pro composition） Restoration period/Model on literature of France/classicism prevailing/reason, law and order He was the forerunner of the English classic school of literature in the next century. Heroic couplet/ principle ver form | |
Part 4. The Eighteenth Century | ||
Joph Addison 约瑟夫·艾迪生 | The Tatler 闲话者报 The Spectator 旁观者报 贡献: 1.Their writing afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie. 2.They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century. 3.The English easy had completely established itlf as a literary genre. | |
Richard Steele 理查德·斯梯尔 | ||
Alexander Pope 西城男孩好听的歌蒲柏 | Satire!! An Essay on Criticism论批评; The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记; The Dunciad 愚人记 Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest poet of the classical school in the first half the 18th century. Pope was a diligent reader. His style depends upon his great patience in elaborating his art. Most important reprentative | |
Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特 1667-1745 | Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记 gives an unparalleled satirical depiction of the vices of his age. He hated all kinds of oppression-political, economical and religious. But he cherished a great love for the people. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English pro. His language is simple, clear and vigorous./ he ems to have no difficulty in finding words to express exactly the impression he wish to convey. In simple, direct and preci pro, he is almost unsurpasd in EL./ he is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly. | |
Danniel Defoe 丹尼尔·迪福1660-1731 | Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记 one of the forerunners of the English realistic novels Attach great importance to the moulding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment/ is reprentative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of development/ does not condemn Negro-slavery Defoe was a kind of jack-of-trades. Journalism &authorship/ pure naked English: smooth, easy, colloquial, never coar. | |
Samuel Richardson理查逊 | Pamela帕米拉（Virtue Rewarded贞洁回报） first English psycho-analytical novel心理分析小说 1.it discarded the “impossible and marvellous” accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. 2.its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction道德说教. 3.it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their cret thoughts and feelings. Richardson “had enlarged the knowledge of human nature”/ his technique to show character as personalities | |
Henry Fielding 亨利·菲尔丁1707-1754 Founder of the English realistic novel Father of the English novel(established once for all the forms of the modern novel) | Joph Andrew约瑟·安德鲁 disgusted with the excessive ntimentality and poor ethics of Pamela Jonathan Wild大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传 satirical novel/expos the English bourgeois society and mock political syst The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆·琼斯 portrays the real life of men without disgui/ expo the hypocrisy and depravity of the ruling class, and pictures the poverty of the working mass who are driven by want to crime. 现实主义小说：The basis of Fielding’s work is the exact obrvation and study of real life. The centre of Fielding’s work philosophy is MAN, common earthly man with his earthly interests, needs and passions. 小说的特点：1.展开方式told directly by the author/full, free, clear and straightforward, give personal explanation 2.Satire无处不在，两种：humorous satire which is mean to be instructive and corrective/grim satire which is ud to lash the cardinal evils of the corrupt ruling class. 3.he believed in the educational function of the novel(moral teaching). 4.he is a master of style/easy unlaboured and familiar/ntence logical and musical rhythm. | |
Tobias Smollett 斯摩莱特 | U the form of Picaresque novels流浪汉小说, the novel of travels and adventures 被Dickens效仿—Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传 | |
Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德·谢立丹 | The School for Scandal造谣学校a great comedy of manners/gives a brilliant portrayal and biting satire of E high society The Rivals对手 He was the most important English playwright of the 18th century. | |
William Blake 布莱克 1757-1827 | Songs of Innocence天真之歌; Songs of Experience经验之歌; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻 1.the whole temper of his genius was esntially oppod to the classical(=formalism) tradition of that age. 2.his revolutionary passion came near to that of Shelley. Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century. | |
Robert Burns 彭斯 1759-1796 National poet of Scotland小学生上网的坏处 | Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集 名诗:A Red, Red Ro一朵红红的玫瑰;Auld Lang Syne 他的诗歌：1.Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a various of subjects. 2.Numerous are Burn’s songs of love and friendship, which describes the poet’s own emotions with such vividness and simplicity that they appeal directly to the reader’s heart. 3.patriotism 4.was an outspoken supporter of the French Revolution 5.sympathy for the miries of the Negro slaves transported from their African motherland to America. 6.achieved success in the field of satire. 7.characterized by humour and lightheartedness/optimism His great success was also largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent mastery of the old song tradition. His peasant origin and environment especially aided him in mastering the happy simplicity, humour, directness and optimism. | |
Part 5. Romanticism in England | ||
William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯1770-1850 | Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编） marked the break with classicism and the beginning of Romantic revival The Solitary Reaper孤独的刈麦女; Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺旁(lyrical hymn of thanks to nature) He bad his poetical principle on the premi that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”/ individual nsations, for example, pleasure, excitement and enjoyment as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. Wordsworth’s poetry id distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. It was his theory that the language spoken by the peasant was the best of all. | |
George Gordon Byron 乔治·戈登·拜伦 1788-1824 拜伦的诗在清末传入中国 | Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德·哈罗德游记; Don Juan唐·璜 (16000lines long, in 16 cantos, written in ottava rima, each stanza containing 8 iambic pentameter lines rhymed abababcc) It is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative power. His aim in writing it was “to remove the cloak which the manners and the maxims of high society throw over their cret sins, and show them to the world as they really are”（揭去上流社会以冠冕堂皇的方式掩盖下的罪恶面纱，.让人们看到真实世界）He call this poem an “epic satire”, “a satire on abu of the prent state of society.(历史讽刺诗/对现今社会恶习弊端的绝佳讽刺) | |
Percy Bysshe Shelley波西·比希·雪莱1792-1822 | Queen Mab麦布女王 a revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealth The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的起义; The Masque of Anarchy女王的假面舞会; Ode to the West Wind西风/云雀颂 Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯 symbolized the victory for man’s struggle against tyranny and oppressions. The figure of Prometheus has been symbolic of tho noble-hearted revolutionaries, who devote themlves to the just cau of the people and suffer great pains at the hands of tyrants. 小的时候：displayed a inclination for independent thinking and a strong love of literature/glorified freedom, expod tyranny and expresd his sympathy for the oppresd. Byron called Shelley “the best and least lfish man I ever knew.’ Mrs. Shelley wrote: “Shelley loved the people; and respected them as often more virtuous, as always more suffering, and therefore more derving of sympathy.” | |
John Keats 约翰·济兹 1795-1821 | Endymion恩底弥翁;Isabella伊莎贝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜; Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成） Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂; Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂; Ode To Autumn秋颂; Ode on Melancholy忧郁颂 Of the numerous short poems by Keats, the most important are his sonnets and odes. It is said that all Keats’s personality ems to be breathed onto his odes, Poor, obscure and brutally attacked during his short lifetime, Keats became well-known after death. | |
Part 6. English Critical Realism | ||
Charles Dickens 狄更斯 1812-1870 | 你是谁的英文The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传(the supreme epic of English life/naïve youthful optimism);Oliver Twist雾都孤儿( improbability/unconvincingness/sympathize miries/not know responsible);The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店 Dombey and Son董贝父子(open & ruthless attack/money power); David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔(favorite); Bleak Hou荒凉山庄; Hard Times艰难时世(frontal attack upon the whole moral and ethical system); Little Dorrit小杜丽(imprisonment); A Tale of Two Cities双城记(French Revolution/ where there is oppression, there is revolution/against privileged class); Great Expectation远大前程; Our Mutual Friend我们共同的朋友 Politically and ideologically, he was a Radical. He showed great concern about social problems, supported all proposals for social reform, advocated an increa of democracy in all spheres of life, and championed the cau of the oppresd. His love for the working people is deep and sincere. As a novelist, he is remembered first of all for character-portrayal. Upper class—“outcasts of humanity”; lower class—his enthusiastic readers | |
William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷 1811-1863 | Vanity Fair名利场(a classical example of social satire up to the prent day) Bunyan—Pilgrim’s Progress In this novel Thackeray describes the life of the ruling class of England in the early decades of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in the different strata of the upper society. Rebecca/Becky Sharp: money-grubbing instinct/gifted/keen n of humour and deep understanding of human Amelia Sedley: a tame, ntimental but uless woman | |
Jane Austin 简·奥斯丁 1775-1817 | Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见; Sen and Sensibility理智与情感; Emma爱玛; Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion劝诫; Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺 She is at her best in writing about young girls, becau she understood them astonishingly well. | |
Bronte Sisters 夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮·勃朗特 1816-1855 | Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre简爱 criticism of the bourgeois system of education (Lowood—obedient slaves for the rich) In her novels, Charlotte attacked the greed, pretty tyranny and lack of culture among the bourgeoisie and sympathized with the sufferings of the poor people. Emily Bronte: Wuthering Height呼啸山庄 hierarchy等级制度 Heathcliff is a rebel against the bourgeois matrimonial system/love crushed by the class prejudice/the oppresd becomes the oppressor/theme: a full human life in a capitalist society was impossible of attainment. Anne Bronte: Agnes Grey艾格尼斯·格雷 | |
Gaskell 盖斯凯尔 | Mary Barton玛丽·巴顿 | |
George Eliot艾略特(Mary Ann Evans) | Adam Bede亚当·贝德; The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊; Silas Marner织工马南 | |
Part 7. Pro-writers & Poets of the Mid & Late 19th century | ||
Thomas Carlyle 卡莱尔1795-1881 | Sartor Resartus旧衣新裁; The French Revolution法国大革命; Heroes and Hero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜(the history of the world is the biography of great men) | |
Alfred Tennyson 丁尼生 1809-1892 | The Princess公主; Maud默德; 名诗：Ulyss尤利西斯; Break, Break, Break; Crossing the Bar过沙洲 In Memoriam 悼念集 in memory of A.H.Hallam, his clo friend and the fiancé of his sister The poet tried to find some consolation for himlf and for the pious Victorians who were thrown into a crisis in faith by the new discovery in science Idylls of the King国王之歌 bad on the stories of King Arthur and his Knights of Round Table “灵与肉的永恒冲突” | |
Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁 1812-1889 | Men and Women男人和女人; The Ring and the Book指环与书;My Last Duchess我的前公爵夫人 His principle achievement ies in his introducing to English poetry a new form, the dramatic monologue戏剧独白./though for most part Lyric in expression, Dramatic in principle, and so many utterance of so many imaginary persons, not mine./a dramatic story in his work is not told through action but by the monologue of the characters concerned. | |
Elizabeth Browning | Sonnets from the Portugue葡萄牙十四行诗;The Cry of the Children孩子们的哭泣 | |
George Gissing 吉辛1857-1903 | New Crub Srreet新格鲁勃街 The most significant figure in the period of transition from Victorian to the modern novel. | |
Robert Louis Stevenson 史蒂文森1850-1894 | Treasure Island金银岛 | |
Oscar Wilde 王尔德 1856-1900 Spokesman of the aesthetic movement | 长篇小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray道林·格雷的画像 童话：The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子 剧作：Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子;A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的女人;An Ideal Husband理想丈夫;The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性; 悲剧:Salome莎乐美 Both of them are typical unwholesome products of the decadent literary trend.颓废文学倾向的不健康产物 | |
Part 8. 20th century English literature | ||
Samuel Butler 勃特勒1835-1902 | The Way of All Flesh众生之路; Erewhon埃瑞洪; Erewhon Revisited重游埃瑞洪 Erewhon=nowhere Satirize the sham morality of the British Bourgeoisie | |
Joph Conrad 康拉德 1859-1924 | Lord Jim吉姆老爷;Nostromo诺斯特罗莫; An Outpost of Progress文明的前哨 后殖民主义 | |
Henry James 亨利·詹姆士 | Daisy Miller黛西米勒(international theme); The Wings of the Dove鸽翼; The ambassadors使节; The Golden Bowl金碗 Forerunner of the “stream of the consciousness” literature His fundamental theme is the innocence of the New World and the corruption(and wisdom) of the Old. | |
Thomas Hardy 哈代 1840-1928 Reprentative of E critical realistic at the turn of the 19th century | Under the Greenwood Tree绿荫下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥; Tess of the D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝:filled with a feeling of dismal foreboding and doom/ Fatal circumstance and tragic coincidence Jude the Obscure无名的裘德:the theme is “a deadly war waged between flesh and spirit” and “the contrast between the ideal life a man wish to lead and the squalid real life he was fated to lead”/epitomizes Hardy’s longing for spiritual values and his despair of them Wesx Novel—the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.环境与性格小说 | |
George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳 1856-1950 | Widoer’s Hous鳏夫的房产; Mrs. Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业; Major Barbara巴巴拉少校; Pygmalion卖花女; Arms and Man武器与人（condemns militarism and wars） He laid bare the gross injustice and utter inhumanity of the bourgeoisie society/by the brilliant dialogue between the characters/pretty bourgeois and idealistic nature of Shaw’s philosophy/his exposure of the capitalist society is very significant/among the most mportant reprentative of critical realism in modern English literature | |
William Butler Yeats叶芝 1865-1939 | The Tower塔; The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯; The Wild Swans at Coole库勒的野天鹅 Symbolist poet | |
Thomas Stearns Eliot艾略特 1888-1965 | The Waste Land荒原 a landmark in E poetry, ending the Romantic period and signifying the emergence of Modernism. Expresd the disillusionment of a generation of intellectuals. Symbols taken from ancient myths are ud in the poem to describe the decay and fragmentation of Western culture. Four Quarters四重奏 the main ideas are time and eternity Tradition and the Individual Talent传统与才智 | |
David Herbert Lawrence 劳伦斯 adver1885-1930 | Sons and Lovers儿子与情人(Oedipus Complex); The Rainbow虹(rainbow is a symbol of ati“the rounded perfection of relationship” between men and women); Women in Love恋爱中的女人(express his ideal of love and marriage as “a pure balance of two single beings); Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人 D. H. Lawrence is well-known for his novels written under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis. He an original novelist, who artistic achievement has been affirmed by many critics. He was dissatisfied with the Western industrial civilization. | |
James Joyce 乔伊斯 1882-1941 | A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像; Ulyss尤利西斯; Finnegans Wake芬尼根的守灵 He was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century, who work shows a unique synthesis of realism, the “stream of consciousness” and symbolism.三位一体 | |
Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙 1882-1941 | The Voyage Out远航; Mrs. Dalloway达罗卫夫人; To the Lighthou到灯塔去; Orlando奥兰多;The Waves海浪; Tethanolhe point of departure in Virginia Woolf’s literary experimentation lay in her rejection of realism. In her novels, the element of plot and story is reduced as far as she could. They become ries of impressions, musings, and reflections. | |
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