2020年12月全国大学英语四级口语考试真题及原文
converter是什么意思[A] Young graduates are in debt, out of work and on their parents' couches. People in their 30s and 40s can't afford to buy homes or have children. Retirees are earning near-zero interest on their savings.
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[B] In the current listless (缺乏活力的) economy, every generation has a claim to having been most injured. But the Labor Department's latest jobs snapshot and other recent data reports prent a strong ca for crowning baby boomers (二战后生育高峰期出生的人) as the greatest victims of the recession and its dreadful conquences.
the times[C] The Americans in their 50s and early 60s — tho near retirement age who do not yet have access to Medicare and Social Security — have lost the most earnings power of any age group, with their houhold incomes 10 percent below what they made when the recovery began three years ago, according to Sentier Rearch, a data analysis company. Their retirement savings and home values fell sharply at the worst possible time： just before they needed to cash out. They are supporting both aged parents and unemployed young-adult children, earning them the unlucky nickname "Generation Squeeze."
[D] New rearch suggests that they may die sooner, becau their health, income curity and mental
well-being were battered (重创) by recession at a crucial time in their lives. A recent study by economists at Wellesley College found that people who lost their jobs in the few years before becoming qualified for Social Security lost up to three years
from their life expectancy (预期寿命), largely becau they
no longer had access to affordable health care.
[E] Unemployment rates for Americans nearing retirement
are far lower than tho for young people, who are recentlydo you think so
out of school, with fewer skills and a shorter work history. But once out of a job, older workers have a much harder time finding another one. Over the last year, the average duration of unemployment for older people was 53 weeks, compared with 19 weeks for teenagers, according to the Labor Department's jobs report relead on Friday.
[F] The lengthy process is partly becau older workers
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are more likely to have been laid off from industries that
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are downsizing, like manufacturing. Compared with the rest of the population, older people are also more likely to own
their own homes and be less mobile than renters, who can move to new job markets.
[G] Older workers are more likely to have a disability of some sort, perhaps limiting the range of jobs that offer realistic choices. They may also be less inclined, at least initially, to take jobs that pay far less than their old positions.
[H] Displaced boomers also believe they are victims of
age discrimination, becau employers can easily find a young, energetic worker who will accept lower pay and who can potentially stick around for decades rather than a few years.
hide的过去式[I] In a survey by the center of older workers who were laid off during the recession, just one in six had found another job, and half of that group had accepted pay cuts.
Fourteen percent of the re-employed said the pay in their new job was less than half what they earned in their previous job. "I just say to mylf： 'Why me? What have I done to derve this?' " said John Agati, 56, of Norwalk, Conn., who last
full-time job, as a merchandi buyer and product developer, ended four years ago when his employer went out of business. That position paid $90,000, and his rsum lists stints at companies like American Express, Disney and USA Networks. Since being laid off, though, he has worked a ries of part-time, low-wage, temporary positions, including lling shoes
at Lord & Taylor and making sales calls for a limo company.南京英语培训机构
[J] The last few years have taken a toll not only on his family's finances, but also on his feelings of lf-worth. "You just get sad," Mr. Agati said. "I e people getting up
in the morning, going out to their careers and going home. I just wish I was doing that. Some people don't like their jobs, or they have problems with their jobs, but at least they're working. I just wish I was in their shoes." He said he cannot afford to go back to school, as many younger people without jobs have done. Even if he could afford it, economists say it is unclear whether older workers like him benefit much from more education.
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[K] "It just doesn't make n to offer retraining for people 55 and older," said Daniel Hamermesh, an economics professor at the University of Texas in Austin. "Discrimination by age, long-term unemployment, the fact that they're now at the end of the hiring queue, the lack of time horizon just d
oes not make it nsible to invest in them."
[L] Many displaced older workers are taking this message to heart and leaving the labor force entirely. The share of older people applying for Social Security early spiked during the recession as people sought whatever income they could find. The penalty they will pay is permanent, as retirees who take benefits at age 62 will receive 30 percent less in each month's check for the rest of their lives than they would if they had waited until full retirement age (66 for tho born after 1942).
Tho not yet eligible for Social Security are increasingly applying for another, comparable kind of income support that often goes to people who expect never to work again： disability benefits. More than one in eight people in their late 50s is now on some form of federal disability insurance program, according to Mark Duggan, chairman of the department of business economics and public policy at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School.
The very oldest Americans, of cour, were battered by some of the same ill winds that tormented tho now nearing retirement, but at least the most nior were cushioned by a more readily available social safety net. More important, in a statistical twist, they may have actually benefited from the financial crisis in the most fundamental way： prolonged lives.
Death rates for people over 65 have historically fallen during recessions, according to a November 2020 study by economists at the University of California, Davis. Why? The rearchers argue that weak job markets push more workers
into accepting relatively undesirable work at nursing homes, leading to better care for residents.
