自考本科词汇学重点笔记
Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：
English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their mantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.
The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：
English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), mantics(语义学),etymology(词源学),styl istics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学)
The reason for a student to study English lexicology：
According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of En
glish.
A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increa their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their n relations will gradually rai their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them u words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and rai their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.
Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a ntence
Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itlf”
Sound and form（读音和形式）introduce mylf:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a parate letter to reprent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary
Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary
Classification of English Words：
By u frequency:early是什么意思basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words
打电话的英文B英文字母歌曲y origin:native words&borrowed words
The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.
The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):
1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polymy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）daring
没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语） （5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)
Content words/notional words实词(全日制本科cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional wordspiggybank/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but)
Native Words and Borrowed Words
Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in u
Borrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)
4 Types of loan words: 1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))
2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)
3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no e (from China)
4) mantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowed
Chapter 2 the development of the English Vocabulary
The Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)
The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:
1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.
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2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections
3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the prent analytic language.
Modes of Vocabulary Development(羊皮卷之三词汇的发展模式):
1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)
2)mantic change旧词新义 :does not increa the number of word forms but create man
y more new uages of the words.
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