Universities And Their Function
Alfred North Whitehead
大 学 和 大 学 的 作 用 gallop
［１］ The universities are schools of education, and schools of rearch: But the primary reason for their existence is not to be found either in the mere knowledge conveyed to the students or in the mere opportunities for rearch afforded to the members of the faculty。
［1］ 大学是进行教育和从事研究的学校。但它们存在的首要原因既不在于纯粹向学生传授知识,也不仅仅在于为教员提供研究的机会。
［２］ The justification for a university is that it prerves theconnection between knowledge and the zest of life, by uniting the young and theold in the imaginative consideration of learning。 The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively。 At least, this is the function which it should perform for society。 A university which falis in this respect has no reason for existence。 This atmosphere of excitement, arising from imaginative consideration, transforms knowledge。 A fact is no longer a bare fact: it is invested with all its possibilities。 It is no longer a burden on the memory: it is energizing as the poet of our dreams, and as the architect of our purpos。
［２］ 大学之所以有理由存在,是因为它使老少两代人在富于想像力的学习中,保持了知识与生活热情之间的联系。大学提供信息,但它是富于想象地提供信息。至少,总统日这是它应该为社会发挥的作用。一所大学如果做不到这一点,就没有理由存在。富于想象的思维可以营造出一种令人兴奋的氛围,而这种令人兴奋的氛围又可以转化为知识。事实不再只是事实:它被赋予了种种可能性。它不再是记忆的负担:它充满活力,犹如能描绘我们梦境的诗人where have you been,能实现我们意图的建筑师。 三分钟演讲
［3考研英语国家线］ Imagination is not to be divorced from the facts: it is a way of illuminating the facts。 It works by eliciting the general principles which apply to the facts, as they exist, and then by an intellectual survey of alternative possibilities which are consistent with tho principles。 It enables men to construct an intellectual vision of a new world, and it prerves the zest of life by the suggestion of satisfying purpos。
［３］ 想象不是空穴来风,不能脱离实际:想象是说明实际情况的一种方式。想象是通过引出适用于具体事实本身的一般规律,并随之对这些规律一致的种种可能性进行理性概括而起作用的。想象能使人理智地观察一个新的世界,想象可以通过暗示令人满意的目标来使人保持对生活的热情。
［4］ Youth is imaginative, and if the imagination be strengthened by discipline, this energy of imagination can in great measure be prerved through life。 The tragedy of the world is that tho who are imaginative have but slight experience, and tho who are experienced have feeble imaginations。 Fools act on imagination without knowledge; pedants act on knowledge without imagination。 The task of a university is to weld together imagination and experience。
［４］ 年轻人富于想像力,如果这种想像力通过训练得到增强,doctor的音标那么这种想像力就能在很大程度上得以保留,使人受益终生。世界的悲剧就在于有想像力的人缺乏经验,而有经验的人又缺乏想像力。蠢人愚昧无知,单凭想象行事;学究们则死抠知识,缺乏想象。大学的任务就是要使想象和经验融为一体。
［５］ The reflections upon the general functions of a university can be at once translated in terms of the particular functions of a business schoolpant什么意思。 We need not flinch from the asrtion that the main function of such a school is to produce men with a greater zest for business。
［５］ 关于上述大学之一般功能的见解,可立即用某所商业学校的特定功能来加以说明。无须讳言,这样一所学校的主要功能就是要培养出更热心于商业的人才。
［６］ In a simpler world, business relations were simpler, being bad on the immediate contact of man with man and on immediate confrontation with all relevant material circumstances。 Today business organization requires an imaginative grasp of the psychologies of populations engaged in differing modes of occupation; of populations scattered through cities, through mountains, through plains; of populations on the ocean, and of populations in mines, and of populations in forests。
It requires an imaginative grasp of conditions in the tropics, and of conditions in temperate zones。 It requires an imaginative grasp of the interlocking interests of great organizations, and of the reactions of the whole complex to any change in one of its elements。 It requires an imaginative understanding of laws of political economy,not merely in the abstract, but also with the power to construe them in terms of the particular circumstances of a concrete business。 It requires some knowledge of the habits of government, and of the variations of tho habits under diver conditions。 It requires an imaginative vision of the binding forces of any human organization, a sympathetic vision of the limits of human nature and of the conditions which evoke loyalty of rvice。 It requires some knowledge of the laws of health, and of the laws of fatigue, and of the conditions for sustained reliability。 It requires an imaginative understanding of the social effects of the conditions of factories。 It requires a sufficient conception of the role of applied science in modern society。 It requires that discipline of character which can say “yes” and “no” to other men, not by reason of blind obstinacy, but with firmness derived from a conscious evaluation of relevant alternatives。
［６］在一个不像当今世界这样复杂的世界里,商业关系往往是建立在人与人之间的直接交往和人与相关物质资料的直接接触的基础之上的,因而其商业关系也要简单一些。如今,商业机构需要富于想像力,通过想象,洞悉各行各业人的心理,吃透城里人、山里人和平原人的心理,摸清长年与海洋打交道、在矿井下作业以及与森林朝夕相处的人的心理。通过想象,熟悉热带和温带地区的情况。通过想象,把握各大企业之间交织着的利益关系以及整个综合企业对其各分企业任何变化的反应。通过想象,理解各种政治规律,不单是抽象的理解,还要具备在具体的商业行为中实际运用这些规律的能力。此外,还要能够对政府的决策规律有所了解,flatmate而且要了解在不同的情况下这些决策规律可能出现怎样的变化。能够设想各种组织机构的种种制约力,合乎情理地预见人性的局限性和激发人的耿耿忠心的条件。能够了解健康规律、疲劳规律和维持持续可靠性的条件。能够想象出工厂情况的社会影响。能够充分认识应用科学在现代社会中的作用。同时,还要具有这样一种性格修养,即对别人的意见表示赞同或反对时,不是出于盲目的固执己见,而是理智地权衡各种可供选择的方案之后作出的果断抉择。
［散漫7］ The universities have trained the intellectual pioneers of our civilization—the priests, the lawyers, the statesmen, the doctors,the men of science, and the men of letters。 The conduct of business now requires intellectual imagination of the same type as that which in former times has mainly pasd into tho other occupations日语论坛。
