Chapter3 Lexicon
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1、 Three ns of word
(1) A physically definable unit. Words may be en as a t of sounds gments or writing letters between two paus or blanks.
(2) Words both as a general term and as a specific term.
(3) A grammatical unit.
Ranks：clau complex——clau——phra/word group——word——morpheme
in the spotlight2、 Identification of words
(1) Stability. Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure.
(2) Relative unterruptibility. New elements should not be inrted into a word.
(3) A minimal free form. (Leonard Bloomfield 1933) Word is the smallest unit that can be ud, by itlf, as a complete utterance. (ntence-the maximum free form)
南非世界杯主题曲下载3、 Classification of words
(1) Variable & invariable words
Variable words have inflectional changes; they are mainly nouns, verbs and pronouns, e.g. follow-follows-followed-following
Invariable words do not have inflectional endings, e.g. since, happy, to, etc.
(2) Grammatical & lexical words
Grammatical words (function word) are ud mainly for constructing group, phra, clau, clau complex, or even text. They rve to link together different content parts, such as, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns.
Lexical words (content word) are ud for referring to substance, action, and quality. T
hey carry the main content of a language, such as, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
(3) Clod-class & open-clasd words
Clod-class: its membership fixed or limited, one cannot easily add or deduce a new member, .such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and others.
Open-class: Its membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. When new ideas, inventions, or discoveries emerge, new members are being added to the lexicon, such as, nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs.
Note: Preposition is relative open becau regarding, in spite of, according to, and ,many others are now regarded as prepositions and complex prepositions.
Auxiliary verbs are relatively clod in number.
(4) Word class
9 word clasd: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, article, interjection
Particles:
我的快乐英文· Infinitive marker “to”
· Negative marker “not”
· Subordinate units in phrasal verbs, e.g., watch out, break down
Auxiliaries
electricity
Traditional auxiliaries & modal verbs
Pro-form
Pro-adjective/ pro-verb/ pro-adverb/ pro-locative
监理员培训 Determiners: words ud before noun acting as head of a nominal group, and deter
mine the kind of the reference the nominal group has.
· definite the
提示英语 · indefinite a/an
· partitive some
· universal all
Pre-determiner: all, half, double, twice, one-third, etc.
Central-determiner: articles, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, posssive pronouns.
nobody中文 Post-determiner: cardinal numerals, ordinal numerals, general ordinals, quatifiers.
Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or altering the meaning.
Free morpheme: morpheme that can make up words by itlf.
Bound morpheme: morpheme that must appear with at least another morpheme.
三本考研Root: the ba form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning.（The part of the word that is left when all the affixed are removed.）
Free root: roots that can stand be themlves and are the ba forms of words.
Bound root: roots can be ud only when added to another morpheme. e.g. –ceive,-cur.
Some roots have both free and bound variants. Sleep-slept, child-children
Affix: the type of morpheme that can be ud only when added to another morpheme.
Prefix:世界末日 英文 para-, un-
Suffix: -tion, -al
Infix: abso-bloomingly-lutely
Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. （Stem may be the same as a root, may contain a root and one or more then one derivational affixes.）
Inflectional vs. derivational
Inflectional affixes:
1. productive across an entire category.
2. only add a grammatical meaning to the stem.
3. do not change the word class of the stem..
4. often conditioned by non-mantic linguistic factors, e.g. the prent ten third person singular marker.
5. normally suffixes in English.
