Define the following terms:
1. Design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.
2. 成都游戏开发培训Function: the u of language to communicate, to think, etc. Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.
3. Etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike's distinction of phonetics and phonemics. Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconquential, differentiations, just as was after the ca with phonetic vs. phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
4. Emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike's distinction of phonetics and phonemics. An emic t of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone.
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5. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the prent), as its point of obrvation. Most grammars are of this kind.
6. Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the cour of its history.
7. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language u. 演讲稿开头
8. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language u.
9. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
10. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
11. Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are compod of elements of the condary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
12. displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their urs to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not prent c in time and space, at the moment of communication.
13. Phatic communion: one function of human language, which refers to the social inter李娜 英文
action of language.
14. Metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.
15. Macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law and artificial intelligence etc. Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, etc.
日语教材16. Competence: language ur’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
17. Performance: the actual u of language in concrete situation.
18. Langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
19. Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).
20． Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.
21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perverative coarticulation.
22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
23． Broad and narrow transcription: the u of a simple t of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; the u of a simple t of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the u of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
24． Consonant: are sound gments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
25巴拿马帽． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.
26． Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme (e.g. <Th>is an allophone of /t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated<t>.Both<Th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.
27． Vowel: are sound gments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
28． Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants, manner of articulation refe
rs to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air pass through certain parts of the vocal tract.
29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants, place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air.
30． Distinctive features: a term of phonology, i.e. a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.
31． Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.
32． IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devid by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergone a number of revisions. I
PA is a comprid system employing symbols of all sources, such as Roman small letters, italics uprighted, obsolete letters, Greek letters, diacritics,etc.
33． Supragmental: supragmental features are tho aspects of speech that involve more than single sound gments. The principal supra-gmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.
34． Supragmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound gments. The principle supragmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.
35. Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. 浩特
36. Compound morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classr
oom, blackboard, snowwhite, etc.
37. Inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and ca, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
38. Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be ud only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem).
39. Derivation: different from compounds, derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.
40. Root: the ba from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.
菲律宾大屠杀41. Allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme. For example, in English the plural morpheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats, as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in class. So/s/, /z/, and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
42. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
43. Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.
44. Free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.
45. Lexeme: A parate unit of meaning, usually inn the form of a word (e.g. “dog in the manger”)
46. Lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with mantic interpretation.
47. Grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.
48. Lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that is, tho which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs.
49. open-class: a word who membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.
50. Blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the cond word, or by joinin
g the initial parts of the two words.
51. Loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cas, to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.
52. Loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
53. Loanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.
54. Acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.
55. Loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological syste电影泰坦尼克号下载
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56. Back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.
57. Assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called.
58. Dissimilation: the influence exercid. By one sound gment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different.
smart原则举例59. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phra, resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous
60. Category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.
61. Concord: also known as agreement is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.
62. Syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a quence or between elements which are all prent.
