Lecture 3 Clau Elements
Clau elements can be divided into two categories: central elements and peripheral elements.
3.1 Central elements
The central elements of a clau include subject, predicate verb, object, complement, and adverbial.
1) Subject mantically classified
a) personal subject and non-personal subject
The audience remain silent. (personal subject)
烦恼的英文 My dream has come true. (non-personal subject.)
b) agentive subject and recipient subject
He broke the window out of carelessness. (agentive subject)
He broke his leg. (recipient subject)
c) temporal subject and locative subject
By the time you got back, it was nine o’clock.
(temporal subject)
This bedroom sleeps six students. (locative subject)公开课培训网
d) instrumental subject and eventive subject
The key opened the door. (instrumental subject)
A car knocked them down. (instrumental subject)
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His marriage is next week. (eventive subject)
2) Predicate verb/Predicator
The predicate verb is the central part of the predication. It is usually expresd by a verb phra, either a simple VP or a complex VP. For example:
He got up early so as to catch the first train.
Nobody could make me change my mind.
dzThe children might have been playing in the garden.
3) Object mantically classified
Semantically, objects can be divided into recipient object, resultant object, causative object, metonymic object and cognate object.
lean backa) Recipient object
e.g. The department has offered me a post.
b) Resultant object
e.g. I’m baking a cake.
c) Causative object
e.g. The captain marched the troops away.
d) Metonymic object
仁爱版七年级英语e.g. He is not smoking a pipe.
e) Cognate object
e.g. John lives a quiet life.ixia
He dreamt a terrifying dream.
4) Complement
The complement includes subject complement and object complement. The subject complement, which describes what the subject refers to, is usually ud together with the
linking verb, forming a “linking verb + complement” construction.
She was all smiles when we went in.
You can rest assured that we will do our best.
The object complement, which describes the characteristics of what the object refers to, is usually placed immediately after the direct object. It is preceded by as, or occasionally by for, with some verbs. For example:
Police were treating the incident as murder.
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The anticipatory it is ud as the formal object when the object is too long. For example:
copycat
We consider it very important to u information technology.
5) Adverbialcos化妆
Adverbials are generally optional in the clau structure. Adverbials in the form of adver
b phras, prepositional phras, or claus are more mobile than the other clau elements. Their positions are determined, to a larger extent, by textual and pragmatic factors rather than by syntactical factors.
Adverbials can be divided into three types: depictive adverbial/adjunct, stance adverbial/disjunct, and linking adverbial/conjunct. The depictive adverbial is the central element of the clau and the stance and linking adverbials are peripheral.
Semantically, depictive adverbials can be classified into:
a) adverbial of time and place
e.g. I’ll be back before you have left.
Wherever you go, I’ll go with you.
b) adverbial of manner and accompanying circumstances
e.g. They treated the child kindly.
