【课⽂】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
Why is education democratic in bookless, tribal societies?
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adver circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- tho purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?pfu
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births -- but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the
most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to ek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates' -- if the term can be applied to peoples without a script -- while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-prent attention of his parent; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
JULIUS E. LIPS The Origin of Things
【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】
adver adj. 不利的
purchasable adj.可买到的
preacher n. 传教⼠
defendant n. 被告
outlook n. 视野
capacity n. 能⼒
democratic adj. 民主的
tribal n. 部落的
tribe n. 部落
illiterate n. ⽂盲
compulsory adj. 义务的
deem v. 认为
means n. ⽅法，⼿段，财产，资⼒
hamper v. 妨碍
savannah n. ⼤草原
juvenile adj. 青少年
delinquency n. 犯罪
【课⽂注释】
1.adver adj. 不利的, 逆向的, 有害的
例句： The development was adver to our interests.
这种发展与我们的利益背道⽽驰。
【词义辨析】
up clo opposite, contrary, adver, rever, conver这些形容词均含“相反的、对⽴的”之意。
opposite: 指位置、⽅向、⾏动或想法等完全相反。
contrary: ⼀般指与某种主张、看法或⾏为等正好相反，隐含否定⼀⽅并不意味着肯定另⼀⽅的意味。
adver: 通常指违害利益的、⽆⽣命的势⼒或条件等，侧重分歧。
rever: 指朝相反⽅向的或反⾯(背⾯)的。
conver: 指在⽅向、⾏动或意见上相反的。
2.deprive of 剥夺, 使失去 ... (权利)
例句：What will a student do if he were deprived of his books?
⼀个学⽣如果没有了书籍，将怎么办?
deprive vt v. 剥夺, 失去, 免职
例句： We have no right to deprive their life.
我们没有权利去剥夺它们的⽣命。
【词义辨析】
rob, steal, plunder, deprive这些动词均含“偷，抢，夺”之意。
rob: 最常⽤词，指⽤暴⼒恐吓或哄骗等⾮法⼿段抢夺财物。
steal: 普通⽤词，指暗中⾏窃。
plunder: 指⼤规模或⼤范围地掠夺。
deprive: 多指夺去或扣留别⼈拥有或可能拥有的有价值或必需的东西，也可⽤于指抽象的事物。
3.Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks 这句话中的主语Education与punctuated并不是⼀种主谓关系，因此，这句话在语法上被称作单元句。
punctuate v.
①加标点于
例句：The children have not yet learned to punctuate correctly.
这些⼩学⽣尚未学会正确使⽤标点符号
②强调
例句：He made gestures to punctuate his speech.
saint patricks day 他打⼿势来强调他的讲话。
③不时打断
例句：He punctuated his remarks with thumps on the table.
他讲话时不时地捶着桌⼦。
4.So much is certain[b] 有承上启下的作⽤，⼀⽅⾯回答了前⼀段的最后⼀句的提问，另⼀⽅⾯开始列举没有教育将会给社会⽂明带来的影响。
5.[b]lay stress on 强调(着重, 重视)
例句：They lay too much stress on money.
他们太看重⾦钱了。
lily少儿英语 6.capacity n.
①能⼒
例句：He has a great capacity for learning languages.
他学语⾔的能⼒很强。
②容量, 容积
例句：What is the capacity of this jug?
这个⽔壶的容积多⼤?成人英语
③职位, 资格
例句：He participated in an unofficial capacity.
他参与了⼀个⾮官⽅的职位。
She alone was in a capacity to begin the negotiation.
只有她有资格开始谈判。
【词义辨析】
ability, capacity, capability, genius, talent, competence, faculty, gift, aptitude 这些名词均可表⽰⼈的“能⼒，才能”之意。question1
ability: 普通⽤词，指⼈先天的或学来的各种能⼒。
capacity: 侧重指⼈的潜在能⼒，通常不指体⼒，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能⼒。
capability: 多⽤于⼈，指胜任某项具体⼯作的能⼒，也指本⾝具有、尚未发挥的潜在能⼒。常与of或for连⽤。
genius: 语⽓，指天赋的⾼度才能与智⼒。
walk the walk
talent: 着重指⼈某⽅⾯具有可发展和培养的突出天赋才能，但语意⽐genius弱。
competence: 正式⽤词，侧重指令⼈满意的业务能⼒与⽔平，达到胜任某项⼯作等的要求。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智⼒。
gift: 着重个⼈的天赋的才能或在某⽅⾯的显著本领，常暗含不能⽤⼀般规律作解释的意味。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运⽤⾃如的能⼒，常暗⽰接受能⼒强，能迅速掌握⼀种学术训练或艺术技巧。
7.be fashioned after 按......做成
例句：Her new dress was fashioned after a latest style.
她的新⾐服是根据⼀种最新款式制作的。
8.bind v.
①约束，强迫
例句：I am bound by my promi.
我必须遵守⾃⼰的诺⾔。
The treaty binds each country to reduce pollution levels.
该条约迫使各国减少污染排放。
②捆绑
例句：She bound her hair with a handkerchief.
她⽤⼿绢把头发扎了起来。
This hint was hard enough to bind my hands.
这个暗⽰已经够使我束⼿⽆策了。
9.without a script 没有⽂字的
10.deem v. 认为
点读机教材下载 例句：They were deemed to be illegal immigrants.
他们被认为是不法移民。
They deemed that he was no longer capable of managing the business.
他们认为他没有能⼒再继续管理这个公司了。
11.be entitled to 有权, 有资格
例句：You are entitled to a free lunch.
conclusions 你们有资格享⽤免费午餐⼀次。
You may be entitled to reclaim some of the tax you paid last year.
你或许有权要求退回去年你交付的部分税⾦。
12.hamper vt. 妨碍, 阻⽌
例句：Our progress was hampered by the bad weather.
我们前进时受到了恶劣天⽓的阻碍。
13.juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪
【参考译⽂】
教育是我们这个时代的关键词之⼀。我们许多⼈都相信，⼀个没有受过教育的⼈，是逆境的牺牲品，被剥夺了20世纪的越的机会之⼀。现代国家深深懂得教育的重要性，对教育机构投资，收回的‘利息’便是培养出⼤批有知识的男⼥青年，这些⼈可能成为未来的栋梁。教育，以其教学周期如此精⼼地安排，并以教科书 -- 那些可以买到的智慧源泉 -- 予以强化，如果不受其惠，⽂明将会是个什么样⼦呢?
⾄少，这些是可以肯定的：虽然我们还会有医⽣和牧师、律师和被告、婚姻和⽣育，但⼈们的精神⾯貌将是另⼀个样⼦。⼈们不会重视‘资料和数据’，⽽靠好记性、实⽤⼼理学与同伴相处的能⼒。如果我们的教育制度仿效没有书籍的古代教育，我们的学院将具有可以想象得出的最民主的形式了。在部落中，通过传统继承的知识为所有⼈共享，并传授给部落中的每⼀个成员。从这个意义上讲，⼈⼈受到的有关⽣活本领的教育是相等的。shota
这就是我们最进步的现代教育试图恢复的“平等起步”的理想状况。在原始⽂化中，寻求和接受传统教育的义务对全民都有约束⼒。因⽽没有“⽂盲”(如果这个字眼⼉可以⽤于没有⽂字的民族的话)。⽽我们的义务教育成为法律在德国是在1642年，在法国是在1806年，在英国是在1876年。今天，在许多“⽂明”国家⾥，义务教育迄今尚未实⾏。这说明，经过了多么漫长的时间之后，我们才认识到，有必要确保我们的孩⼦享有多少个世纪以来由‘少数幸运者’所积累起来的知识。
荒凉地区的教育不是钱的问题，所有的⼈都享有平等起步的权利。那⾥没有我们今天社会中的匆忙⽣活，⽽匆忙的⽣活常常妨碍个性的全⾯发展。荒凉地区的孩⼦⽆时⽆刻不在⽗母关怀下成长。因此，丛林和荒凉地区不知道什么叫“青少年犯罪”。⼈们没有必要离家谋⽣，所以不会产⽣孩⼦⽆⼈管的问题，也不存在⽗亲⽆⼒为孩⼦⽀付教育费⽤⽽犯难的问题。
