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TPO 27—1 Crafts in the Ancient Near East
原文：
【1】Some of the earliest human civilizations aro in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the cond half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent ttlements. A large part o
金球奖提名名单f that increa took place in Uruk itlf, which became a real urban center surrounded by a t of condary ttlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themlves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other ttlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.
载体英文【2】The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even tho people living within the city itlf. But a small gment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive ctor, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the u of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard
sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for iden
savage gardentifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.
【3】A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a quence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.
【4】Objects themlves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder al. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled o上海维丽娅美容学校
ver a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round als), tablets, or clay
lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp als, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder als, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.
题目：
1.Which of the ntences below best express the esntial information inthe highlighted ntence in the passage paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out esntial information.
A.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.beijinger
B.scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agriculture areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population.
C.Becau city populations cannot feed themlves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food to the people in Uruk.
boatsD.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themlves from product grown in field surrounding the city.
2.The word “surpassing” i n the passage is clost in meaning to
被动语态结构
A.proceeding.
跟领导出差C.challenging.
D.outlasting.
3.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient ttlement at Uruk EXCEPT
A.It was a permanent ttlement.
B.It was lf-sufficient.
C.It was one of a group of other larger ttlements.
D.It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.
4.The word “intact” in the passage is clost in meaning to
A.unsold.
zooskoolstray八狗一女B.unud.
C.undamaged.
D.unpainted.
leave的用法
5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the beveled-rim bowls from the Eanna Archaeological site at Uruk.
A.They were discarded becau they became unpopular.
B.They varied greatly in shape and decoration.
C.They were each individually styled.
D.They were made in only a few sizes.
6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about craft production
